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===Negation===
===Negation===
The verbal negation is conveyed by the negative verb hīsiwgɛ. As it has a monosyllabic root, it does not display a perfective root.
There are two different way of negating a root, depending on whether the root is verbal or nominal.


Within the sentence this verb is conjugated according to the person and the number of its subject and according to the required tense. It has the ''indicative infinitival form'' of the negated verb as direct object, which is placed in the secondary verbal position. The aspectual information is conveyed by the infinitival form. The object of the infinitive, is, as a rule, declined in the ''ablative'' case.
#The negation of a verbal root is conveyed by the negative verbal root '''ʔiːs-'''. As it is a monosyllabic root, it does not display a perfective counterpart. It has the ''infinitive<sub><small>1</small></sub>'' of the negated verb as direct object. The object of the infinitival form, is, as a rule, declined in the ''ablative'' case.


  subɛliw hɛňīmɛčɛc wīru → subɛliw hɛhīsjɛc wīrušu ňīmɛčiwgɛ
  '''ɬiːroli ʔoːna liːloṕ(æt́) → ɬiːroli ʔoːnaʂu liːloṕæme ʔiːs(æt́)'''
  <small>the dog bit the man → the dog didn’t bite the man</small>
  <small>the man sees the woman → the man does not see the woman</small>


  subɛ čēlun → subɛ hīs čēluniwgɛ
Within the sentence this verb is conjugated according to the person and the number of its subject and according to the required tense, through the augment. The aspectual information is conveyed by the infinitival form, as the negative root has no aspectual counterpart.
  <small>the dog is sleeping → the dog isn’t sleeping</small>
 
  '''ɬiːroli ʔoːna ʔaloliːṕ(æt́) → ɬiːroli ʔoːnaʂu loliːṕæme ʔaʔiːs(æt́)'''
  <small>the man saw the woman → the man did not see the woman</small>


As can be seen, the negative verbs can use both the third person endings, according to the rules and the animacy degrees conveyed by the negated verb.
As can be seen, the negative verbs can use both the third person endings, according to the rules and the animacy degrees conveyed by the negated verb.
In compound tenses the infinitival form of the auxiliary is placed in the secondary position, while the negative verb is used in the same tense and mood of the auxiliary verb in the positive form.
çɛňir çu çɛsēriwgɛ → hīsir çu çɛsēriwgɛ çɛňiwgɛ
<small>you will be helping me → you will not be helping me</small>


''Double negatives'' are generally '''''not''' allowed''; the presence of another negative element in the sentence inhibits the negative verb.
''Double negatives'' are generally '''''not''' allowed''; the presence of another negative element in the sentence inhibits the negative verb.
In later texts the usage of the infinitive gets increasingly confused, often agreeing with the negative verb in mood.

Revision as of 01:46, 2 July 2025

Negation

There are two different way of negating a root, depending on whether the root is verbal or nominal.

  1. The negation of a verbal root is conveyed by the negative verbal root ʔiːs-. As it is a monosyllabic root, it does not display a perfective counterpart. It has the infinitive1 of the negated verb as direct object. The object of the infinitival form, is, as a rule, declined in the ablative case.
ɬiːroli ʔoːna liːloṕ(æt́) → ɬiːroli ʔoːnaʂu liːloṕæme ʔiːs(æt́)
the man sees the woman → the man does not see the woman

Within the sentence this verb is conjugated according to the person and the number of its subject and according to the required tense, through the augment. The aspectual information is conveyed by the infinitival form, as the negative root has no aspectual counterpart. 

ɬiːroli ʔoːna ʔaloliːṕ(æt́) → ɬiːroli ʔoːnaʂu loliːṕæme ʔaʔiːs(æt́)
the man saw the woman → the man did not see the woman

As can be seen, the negative verbs can use both the third person endings, according to the rules and the animacy degrees conveyed by the negated verb.

Double negatives are generally not allowed; the presence of another negative element in the sentence inhibits the negative verb.

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