User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 05:14, 1 July 2025

Conjugation of verbs

Sample verbs (two samples with a triliteral root, and two samples with a biliteral root):

Conjugation I: termel, to sell - šekel, to give
Conjugation II: ŕokmel, to lead - korel, to judge

Declarative valency

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Imperfective present

In the imperfective present, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	joCCe̥Cu	joCe̥Cu	joCCo̥Cu	joCo̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jaCCe̥Cu	jaCe̥Cu	jäCCo̥Cu	jäCo̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jaCCe̥Ce	jaCe̥Ce	jäCCo̥Co	jäCo̥Co
1^st plur.	CCe̥Cem	Ce̥Cem	CCo̥Com	Co̥Com
2^nd plur.	CCe̥Ceš	Ce̥Ceš	CCo̥Coš	Co̥Coš
3^rd plur.	CCe̥Cet	Ce̥Cet	CCo̥Cot	Co̥Cot

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	jotre̥mu	joše̥ku	joŕko̥mu	joko̥ru
2^nd sing.	jatre̥mu	jaše̥ku	jäŕko̥mu	jäko̥ru
3^rd sing.	jatre̥me	jaše̥ke	jäŕko̥mo	jäko̥ro
1^st plur.	tre̥mem	še̥kem	ŕko̥mom	ko̥rom
2^nd plur.	tre̥meš	še̥keš	ŕko̥moš	ko̥roš
3^rd plur.	tre̥met	še̥ket	ŕko̥mot	ko̥rot

In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.

	conjugation I	conjugation II
	triliteral root	triliteral root
1^st sing.	joCCe̥Cu	joCCo̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jaCCe̥Cu	jäCCo̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jaCCe̥Ce	jäCCo̥Co
1^st plur.	CëCe̥Cem	CëCo̥Com
2^nd plur.	CëCe̥Ceš	CëCo̥Coš
3^rd plur.	CëCe̥Cet	CëCo̥Cot

With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	jofke̥çu	jofso̥ru
2^nd sing.	jafke̥çu	jäfso̥ru
3^rd sing.	jafke̥çe	jäfso̥ro
1^st plur.	fëke̥çem	fëso̥rom
2^nd plur.	fëke̥çeš	fëso̥roš
3^rd plur.	fëke̥çet	fëso̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	joknyse̥mu	joše̥jaku	jolqo̥xamu	jośo̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jaknyse̥mu	jaše̥jaku	jälqo̥xamu	jäśo̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jaknyse̥me	jaše̥jake	jälqo̥xamo	jäśo̥juʔo
1^st plur.	knyse̥mem	še̥jakem	lqo̥xamom	śo̥juʔom
2^nd plur.	knyse̥meš	še̥jakeš	lqo̥xamoš	śo̥juʔoš
3^rd plur.	knyse̥met	še̥jaket	lqo̥xamot	śo̥juʔot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	josqäțxe̥su	jonöʔcico̥ru
2^nd sing.	jasqäțxe̥su	jänöʔcico̥ru
3^rd sing.	jasqäțxe̥se	jänöʔcico̥ro
1^st plur.	sqäțxe̥sem	nöʔcico̥rom
2^nd plur.	sqäțxe̥seš	nöʔcico̥roš
3^rd plur.	sqäțxe̥set	nöʔcico̥rot

Imperfective past

In the imperfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	CCe̥Cu	Ce̥Cu	CCo̥Cu	Co̥Cu
2^nd sing.	CCe̥Cu	Ce̥Cu	CCo̥Cu	Co̥Cu
3^rd sing.	CCe̥Ce	Ce̥Ce	CCo̥Co	Co̥Co
1^st plur.	CCe̥Cim	Ce̥Cim	CCo̥Cum	Co̥Cum
2^nd plur.	CCe̥Ciš	Ce̥Ciš	CCo̥Cuš	Co̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	CCe̥Cit	Ce̥Cit	CCo̥Cut	Co̥Cut

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	tre̥mu	še̥ku	ŕko̥mu	ko̥ru
2^nd sing.	tre̥mu	še̥ku	ŕko̥mu	ko̥ru
3^rd sing.	tre̥me	še̥ke	ŕko̥mo	ko̥ro
1^st plur.	tre̥mim	še̥kim	ŕko̥mum	ko̥rum
2^nd plur.	tre̥miš	še̥kiš	ŕko̥muš	ko̥ruš
3^rd plur.	tre̥mit	še̥kit	ŕko̥mut	ko̥rut

In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.

	conjugation I	conjugation II
	triliteral root	triliteral root
1^st sing.	CëCe̥Cu	CëCo̥Cu
2^nd sing.	CëCe̥Cu	CëCo̥Cu
3^rd sing.	CëCe̥Ce	CëCo̥Co
1^st plur.	CëCe̥Cim	CëCo̥Cum
2^nd plur.	CëCe̥Ciš	CëCo̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	CëCe̥Cit	CëCo̥Cut

With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	fëke̥çu	fëso̥ru
2^nd sing.	fëke̥çu	fëso̥ru
3^rd sing.	fëke̥çe	fëso̥ro
1^st plur.	fëke̥çim	fëso̥rum
2^nd plur.	fëke̥çiš	fëso̥ruš
3^rd plur.	fëke̥çit	fëso̥rut

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	knyse̥mu	še̥jaku	lqo̥xamu	śo̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	knyse̥mu	še̥jaku	lqo̥xamu	śo̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	knyse̥me	še̥jake	lqo̥xamo	śo̥juʔo
1^st plur.	knyse̥mim	še̥jakim	lqo̥xamum	śo̥juʔum
2^nd plur.	knyse̥miš	še̥jakiš	lqo̥xamuš	śo̥juʔuš
3^rd plur.	knyse̥mit	še̥jakit	lqo̥xamut	śo̥juʔut

Imperfective future

In the imperfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	juCCe̥Cu	juCe̥Cu	juCCo̥Cu	juCo̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jöCCe̥Cu	jöCe̥Cu	jüCCo̥Cu	jüCo̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jöCCe̥Ce	jöCe̥Ce	jüCCo̥Co	jüCo̥Co
1^st plur.	ëCCe̥Cem	ëCe̥Cem	ëCCo̥Com	ëCo̥Com
2^nd plur.	ëCCe̥Ceš	ëCe̥Ceš	ëCCo̥Coš	ëCo̥Coš
3^rd plur.	ëCCe̥Cet	ëCe̥Cet	ëCCo̥Cot	ëCo̥Cot

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	jutre̥mu	juše̥ku	juŕko̥mu	juko̥ru
2^nd sing.	jötre̥mu	jöše̥ku	jüŕko̥mu	jüko̥ru
3^rd sing.	jötre̥me	jöše̥ke	jüŕko̥mo	jüko̥ro
1^st plur.	ëtre̥mem	ëše̥kem	ëŕko̥mom	ëko̥rom
2^nd plur.	ëtre̥meš	ëše̥keš	ëŕko̥moš	ëko̥roš
3^rd plur.	ëtre̥met	ëše̥ket	ëŕko̥mot	ëko̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	juknyse̥mu	juše̥jaku	julqo̥xamu	juśo̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jöknyse̥mu	jöše̥jaku	jülqo̥xamu	jüśo̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jöknyse̥me	jöše̥jake	jülqo̥xamo	jüśo̥juʔo
1^st plur.	ëknyse̥mem	ëše̥jakem	ëlqo̥xamom	ëśo̥juʔom
2^nd plur.	ëknyse̥meš	ëše̥jakeš	ëlqo̥xamoš	ëśo̥juʔoš
3^rd plur.	ëknyse̥met	ëše̥jaket	ëlqo̥xamot	ëśo̥juʔot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	jusqäțxe̥su	junöʔcico̥ru
2^nd sing.	jösqäțxe̥su	jönöʔcico̥ru
3^rd sing.	jösqäțxe̥se	jönöʔcico̥ro
1^st plur.	ësqäțxe̥sem	ënöʔcico̥rom
2^nd plur.	ësqäțxe̥seš	ënöʔcico̥roš
3^rd plur.	ësqäțxe̥set	ënöʔcico̥rot

Perfective present

In the perfective present or perfect, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	joCeCe̥Cu	jeCe̥Cu	joCoCo̥Cu	jeCo̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jaCiCe̥Cu	jiCe̥Cu	jäCuCo̥Cu	juCo̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jaCeCe̥C	jeCe̥C	jäCoCo̥C	jeCo̥C
1^st plur.	CeCe̥Cim	eCe̥Cim	CoCo̥Cum	oCo̥Cum
2^nd plur.	CiCe̥Ciš	iCe̥Ciš	CuCo̥Cuš	uCo̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	CeCe̥Cit	eCe̥Cit	CoCo̥Cut	oCo̥Cut

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	jotere̥mu	ješe̥ku	joŕoko̥mu	jeko̥ru
2^nd sing.	jatire̥mu	jiše̥ku	jäŕuko̥mu	juko̥ru
3^rd sing.	jatere̥m	ješe̥k	jäŕoko̥m	jeko̥r
1^st plur.	tere̥mim	eše̥kim	ŕoko̥mum	oko̥rum
2^nd plur.	tire̥miš	iše̥kiš	ŕuko̥muš	uko̥ruš
3^rd plur.	tere̥mit	eše̥kit	ŕoko̥mut	oko̥rut

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	jokenyse̥mu	ješe̥jaku	joloqo̥xamu	jeśo̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jakinyse̥mu	jiše̥jaku	jäluqo̥xamu	juśo̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jakenyse̥m	ješe̥jak	jäloqo̥xam	jeśo̥juʔ
1^st plur.	kenyse̥mim	eše̥jakim	loqo̥xamum	ośo̥juʔum
2^nd plur.	kinyse̥miš	iše̥jakiš	luqo̥xamuš	uśo̥juʔuš
3^rd plur.	kenyse̥mit	eše̥jakit	loqo̥xamut	ośo̥juʔut

Perfective past

In the perfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	CeCe̥Cu	eCe̥Cu	CoCo̥Cu	oCo̥Cu
2^nd sing.	CiCe̥Cu	iCe̥Cu	CuCo̥Cu	uCo̥Cu
3^rd sing.	CeCe̥C	eCe̥C	CoCo̥C	oCo̥C
1^st plur.	CeCe̥Cem	eCe̥Cem	CoCo̥Com	oCo̥Com
2^nd plur.	CiCe̥Ceš	iCe̥Ceš	CuCo̥Coš	uCo̥Coš
3^rd plur.	CeCe̥Cet	eCe̥Cet	CoCo̥Cot	oCo̥Cot

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	tere̥mu	eše̥ku	ŕoko̥mu	oko̥ru
2^nd sing.	tire̥mu	iše̥ku	ŕuko̥mu	oko̥ru
3^rd sing.	tere̥m	eše̥k	ŕoko̥m	oko̥r
1^st plur.	tere̥mem	eše̥kem	ŕoko̥mom	oko̥rom
2^nd plur.	tire̥meš	iše̥keš	ŕuko̥moš	uko̥roš
3^rd plur.	tere̥met	eše̥ket	ŕoko̥mot	oko̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	kenyse̥mu	eše̥jaku	loqo̥xamu	ośo̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	kinyse̥mu	iše̥jaku	luqo̥xamu	uśo̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	kenyse̥m	eše̥jak	loqo̥xam	ośo̥juʔ
1^st plur.	kenyse̥mem	eše̥jakem	loqo̥xamom	ośo̥juʔom
2^nd plur.	kinyse̥meš	iše̥jakeš	luqo̥xamoš	uśo̥juʔoš
3^rd plur.	kenyse̥met	eše̥jaket	loqo̥xamot	ośo̥juʔot

Perfective future

In the perfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	juCeCe̥Cu	juCe̥Cu	juCoCo̥Cu	juCo̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jöCiCe̥Cu	jöCe̥Cu	jüCuCo̥Cu	jüCo̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jöCeCe̥C	jöCe̥C	jüCoCo̥C	jüCo̥C
1^st plur.	ëCeCe̥Cim	ëCe̥Cim	ëCoCo̥Cum	ëCo̥Cum
2^nd plur.	ëCiCe̥Ciš	ëCe̥Ciš	ëCuCo̥Cuš	ëCo̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	ëCeCe̥Cit	ëCe̥Cit	ëCoCo̥Cut	ëCo̥Cut

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	jutere̥mu	juše̥ku	juŕoko̥mu	juko̥ru
2^nd sing.	jötire̥mu	jöše̥ku	jüŕuko̥mu	jüko̥ru
3^rd sing.	jötere̥m	jöše̥k	jüŕoko̥m	jüko̥r
1^st plur.	ëtere̥mim	ëše̥kim	ëŕoko̥mum	ëko̥rum
2^nd plur.	ëtire̥miš	ëše̥kiš	ëŕuko̥muš	ëko̥ruš
3^rd plur.	ëtere̥mit	ëše̥kit	ëŕoko̥mut	ëko̥rut

As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence.

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	joukenyse̥mu	juše̥jaku	juloqo̥xamu	juśo̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jökinyse̥mu	jöše̥jaku	jüluqo̥xamu	jüśo̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jökenyse̥m	jöše̥jak	jüloqo̥xam	jüśo̥juʔ
1^st plur.	ëkenyse̥mim	ëše̥jakim	ëloqo̥xamum	ëśo̥juʔum
2^nd plur.	ëkinyse̥miš	ëše̥jakiš	ëluqo̥xamuš	ëśo̥juʔuš
3^rd plur.	ëkenyse̥mit	ëše̥jakit	ëloqo̥xamut	ëśo̥juʔut

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is derived from the indicative mood by altering the thematic vowel. Conversely, the conjugation patterns for all tenses remain the same:

	Indicative	Subjunctive
Conjugation I	-e-	-ä-
Conjugation II	-o-	-ü-

Imperfective present

In the imperfective present, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	joCCḁ̈Cu	joCḁ̈Cu	joCCü̥Cu	joCü̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jaCCḁ̈Cu	jaCḁ̈Cu	jäCCü̥Cu	jäCü̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jaCCḁ̈Ce	jaCḁ̈Ce	jäCCü̥Co	jäCü̥Co
1^st plur.	CCḁ̈Cem	Cḁ̈Cem	CCü̥Com	Cü̥Com
2^nd plur.	CCḁ̈Ceš	Cḁ̈Ceš	CCü̥Coš	Cü̥Coš
3^rd plur.	CCḁ̈Cet	Cḁ̈Cet	CCü̥Cot	Cü̥Cot

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	jotrḁ̈mu	jošḁ̈ku	joŕkü̥mu	jokü̥ru
2^nd sing.	jatrḁ̈mu	jašḁ̈ku	jäŕkü̥mu	jäkü̥ru
3^rd sing.	jatrḁ̈me	jašḁ̈ke	jäŕkü̥mo	jäkü̥ro
1^st plur.	trḁ̈mem	šḁ̈kem	ŕkü̥mom	kü̥rom
2^nd plur.	trḁ̈meš	šḁ̈keš	ŕkü̥moš	kü̥roš
3^rd plur.	trḁ̈met	šḁ̈ket	ŕkü̥mot	kü̥rot

In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.

	conjugation I	conjugation II
	triliteral root	triliteral root
1^st sing.	joCCḁ̈Cu	joCCü̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jaCCḁ̈Cu	jäCCü̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jaCCḁ̈Ce	jäCCü̥Co
1^st plur.	CëCḁ̈Cem	CëCü̥Com
2^nd plur.	CëCḁ̈Ceš	CëCü̥Coš
3^rd plur.	CëCḁ̈Cet	CëCü̥Cot

With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	jofkḁ̈çu	jofsü̥ru
2^nd sing.	jafkḁ̈çu	jäfsü̥ru
3^rd sing.	jafkḁ̈çe	jäfsü̥ro
1^st plur.	fëkḁ̈çem	fësü̥rom
2^nd plur.	fëkḁ̈çeš	fësü̥roš
3^rd plur.	fëkḁ̈çet	fësü̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	joknysḁ̈mu	jošḁ̈jaku	jolqü̥xamu	jośü̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jaknysḁ̈mu	jašḁ̈jaku	jälqü̥xamu	jäśü̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jaknysḁ̈me	jašḁ̈jake	jälqü̥xamo	jäśü̥juʔo
1^st plur.	knysḁ̈mem	šḁ̈jakem	lqü̥xamom	śü̥juʔom
2^nd plur.	knysḁ̈meš	šḁ̈jakeš	lqü̥xamoš	śü̥juʔoš
3^rd plur.	knysḁ̈met	šḁ̈jaket	lqü̥xamot	śü̥juʔot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	josqäțxḁ̈su	jonöʔcicü̥ru
2^nd sing.	jasqäțxḁ̈su	jänöʔcicü̥ru
3^rd sing.	jasqäțxḁ̈se	jänöʔcicü̥ro
1^st plur.	sqäțxḁ̈sem	nöʔcicü̥rom
2^nd plur.	sqäțxḁ̈seš	nöʔcicü̥roš
3^rd plur.	sqäțxḁ̈set	nöʔcicü̥rot

Imperfective past

In the imperfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	CCḁ̈Cu	Cḁ̈Cu	CCü̥Cu	Cü̥Cu
2^nd sing.	CCḁ̈Cu	Cḁ̈Cu	CCü̥Cu	Cü̥Cu
3^rd sing.	CCḁ̈Ce	Cḁ̈Ce	CCü̥Co	Cü̥Co
1^st plur.	CCḁ̈Cim	Cḁ̈Cim	CCü̥Cum	Cü̥Cum
2^nd plur.	CCḁ̈Ciš	Cḁ̈Ciš	CCü̥Cuš	Cü̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	CCḁ̈Cit	Cḁ̈Cit	CCü̥Cut	Cü̥Cut

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	trḁ̈mu	šḁ̈ku	ŕkü̥mu	kü̥ru
2^nd sing.	trḁ̈mu	šḁ̈ku	ŕkü̥mu	kü̥ru
3^rd sing.	trḁ̈me	šḁ̈ke	ŕkü̥mo	kü̥ro
1^st plur.	trḁ̈mim	šḁ̈kim	ŕkü̥mum	kü̥rum
2^nd plur.	trḁ̈miš	šḁ̈kiš	ŕkü̥muš	kü̥ruš
3^rd plur.	trḁ̈mit	šḁ̈kit	ŕkü̥mut	kü̥rut

In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.

	conjugation I	conjugation II
	triliteral root	triliteral root
1^st sing.	CëCḁ̈Cu	CëCü̥Cu
2^nd sing.	CëCḁ̈Cu	CëCü̥Cu
3^rd sing.	CëCḁ̈Ce	CëCü̥Co
1^st plur.	CëCḁ̈Cim	CëCü̥Cum
2^nd plur.	CëCḁ̈Ciš	CëCü̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	CëCḁ̈Cit	CëCü̥Cut

With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	fëkḁ̈çu	fësü̥ru
2^nd sing.	fëkḁ̈çu	fësü̥ru
3^rd sing.	fëkḁ̈çe	fësü̥ro
1^st plur.	fëkḁ̈çim	fësü̥rum
2^nd plur.	fëkḁ̈çiš	fësü̥ruš
3^rd plur.	fëkḁ̈çit	fësü̥rut

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	knysḁ̈mu	šḁ̈jaku	lqü̥xamu	śü̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	knysḁ̈mu	šḁ̈jaku	lqü̥xamu	śü̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	knysḁ̈me	šḁ̈jake	lqü̥xamo	śü̥juʔo
1^st plur.	knysḁ̈mim	šḁ̈jakim	lqü̥xamum	śü̥juʔum
2^nd plur.	knysḁ̈miš	šḁ̈jakiš	lqü̥xamuš	śü̥juʔuš
3^rd plur.	knysḁ̈mit	šḁ̈jakit	lqü̥xamut	śü̥juʔut

Imperfective future

In the imperfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	juCCḁ̈Cu	juCḁ̈Cu	juCCü̥Cu	juCü̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jöCCḁ̈Cu	jöCḁ̈Cu	jüCCü̥Cu	jüCü̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jöCCḁ̈Ce	jöCḁ̈Ce	jüCCü̥Co	jüCü̥Co
1^st plur.	ëCCḁ̈Cem	ëCḁ̈Cem	ëCCü̥Com	ëCü̥Com
2^nd plur.	ëCCḁ̈Ceš	ëCḁ̈Ceš	ëCCü̥Coš	ëCü̥Coš
3^rd plur.	ëCCḁ̈Cet	ëCḁ̈Cet	ëCCü̥Cot	ëCü̥Cot

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	jutrḁ̈mu	jušḁ̈ku	juŕkü̥mu	jukü̥ru
2^nd sing.	jötrḁ̈mu	jöšḁ̈ku	jüŕkü̥mu	jükü̥ru
3^rd sing.	jötrḁ̈me	jöšḁ̈ke	jüŕkü̥mo	jükü̥ro
1^st plur.	ëtrḁ̈mem	ëšḁ̈kem	ëŕkü̥mom	ëkü̥rom
2^nd plur.	ëtrḁ̈meš	ëšḁ̈keš	ëŕkü̥moš	ëkü̥roš
3^rd plur.	ëtrḁ̈met	ëšḁ̈ket	ëŕkü̥mot	ëkü̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	juknysḁ̈mu	jušḁ̈jaku	julqü̥xamu	juśü̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jöknysḁ̈mu	jöšḁ̈jaku	jülqü̥xamu	jüśü̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jöknysḁ̈me	jöšḁ̈jake	jülqü̥xamo	jüśü̥juʔo
1^st plur.	ëknysḁ̈mem	ëšḁ̈jakem	ëlqü̥xamom	ëśü̥juʔom
2^nd plur.	ëknysḁ̈meš	ëšḁ̈jakeš	ëlqü̥xamoš	ëśü̥juʔoš
3^rd plur.	ëknysḁ̈met	ëšḁ̈jaket	ëlqü̥xamot	ëśü̥juʔot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	jusqäțxḁ̈su	junöʔcicü̥ru
2^nd sing.	jösqäțxḁ̈su	jönöʔcicü̥ru
3^rd sing.	jösqäțxḁ̈se	jönöʔcicü̥ro
1^st plur.	ësqäțxḁ̈sem	ënöʔcicü̥rom
2^nd plur.	ësqäțxḁ̈seš	ënöʔcicü̥roš
3^rd plur.	ësqäțxḁ̈set	ënöʔcicü̥rot

Perfective present

In the perfective present or perfect, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	joCeCḁ̈Cu	jeCḁ̈Cu	joCoCü̥Cu	jeCü̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jaCiCḁ̈Cu	jiCḁ̈Cu	jäCuCü̥Cu	juCü̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jaCeCḁ̈C	jeCḁ̈C	jäCoCü̥C	jeCü̥C
1^st plur.	CeCḁ̈Cim	eCḁ̈Cim	CoCü̥Cum	oCü̥Cum
2^nd plur.	CiCḁ̈Ciš	iCḁ̈Ciš	CuCü̥Cuš	uCü̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	CeCḁ̈Cit	eCḁ̈Cit	CoCü̥Cut	oCü̥Cut

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	joterḁ̈mu	ješḁ̈ku	joŕokü̥mu	jekü̥ru
2^nd sing.	jatirḁ̈mu	jišḁ̈ku	jäŕukü̥mu	jukü̥ru
3^rd sing.	jaterḁ̈m	ješḁ̈k	jäŕokü̥m	jekü̥r
1^st plur.	terḁ̈mim	ešḁ̈kim	ŕokü̥mum	okü̥rum
2^nd plur.	tirḁ̈miš	išḁ̈kiš	ŕukü̥muš	ukü̥ruš
3^rd plur.	terḁ̈mit	ešḁ̈kit	ŕokü̥mut	okü̥rut

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	jokenysḁ̈mu	ješḁ̈jaku	joloqü̥xamu	jeśü̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jakinysḁ̈mu	jišḁ̈jaku	jäluqü̥xamu	juśü̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jakenysḁ̈m	ješḁ̈jak	jäloqü̥xam	jeśü̥juʔ
1^st plur.	kenysḁ̈mim	ešḁ̈jakim	loqü̥xamum	ośü̥juʔum
2^nd plur.	kinysḁ̈miš	išḁ̈jakiš	luqü̥xamuš	uśü̥juʔuš
3^rd plur.	kenysḁ̈mit	ešḁ̈jakit	loqü̥xamut	ośü̥juʔut

Perfective past

In the perfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	CeCḁ̈Cu	eCḁ̈Cu	CoCü̥Cu	oCü̥Cu
2^nd sing.	CiCḁ̈Cu	iCḁ̈Cu	CuCü̥Cu	uCü̥Cu
3^rd sing.	CeCḁ̈C	eCḁ̈C	CoCü̥C	oCü̥C
1^st plur.	CeCḁ̈Cem	eCḁ̈Cem	CoCü̥Com	oCü̥Com
2^nd plur.	CiCḁ̈Ceš	iCḁ̈Ceš	CuCü̥Coš	uCü̥Coš
3^rd plur.	CeCḁ̈Cet	eCḁ̈Cet	CoCü̥Cot	oCü̥Cot

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	terḁ̈mu	ešḁ̈ku	ŕokü̥mu	okü̥ru
2^nd sing.	tirḁ̈mu	išḁ̈ku	ŕukü̥mu	okü̥ru
3^rd sing.	terḁ̈m	ešḁ̈k	ŕokü̥m	okü̥r
1^st plur.	terḁ̈mem	ešḁ̈kem	ŕokü̥mom	okü̥rom
2^nd plur.	tirḁ̈meš	išḁ̈keš	ŕukü̥moš	ukü̥roš
3^rd plur.	terḁ̈met	ešḁ̈ket	ŕokü̥mot	okü̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	kenysḁ̈mu	ešḁ̈jaku	loqü̥xamu	ośü̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	kinysḁ̈mu	išḁ̈jaku	luqü̥xamu	uśü̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	kenysḁ̈m	ešḁ̈jak	loqü̥xam	ośü̥juʔ
1^st plur.	kenysḁ̈mem	ešḁ̈jakem	loqü̥xamom	ośü̥juʔom
2^nd plur.	kinysḁ̈meš	išḁ̈jakeš	luqü̥xamoš	uśü̥juʔoš
3^rd plur.	kenysḁ̈met	ešḁ̈jaket	loqü̥xamot	ośü̥juʔot

Perfective future

In the perfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	juCeCḁ̈Cu	juCḁ̈Cu	juCoCü̥Cu	juCü̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jöCiCḁ̈Cu	jöCḁ̈Cu	jüCuCü̥Cu	jüCü̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jöCeCḁ̈C	jöCḁ̈C	jüCoCü̥C	jüCü̥C
1^st plur.	ëCeCḁ̈Cim	ëCḁ̈Cim	ëCoCü̥Cum	ëCü̥Cum
2^nd plur.	ëCiCḁ̈Ciš	ëCḁ̈Ciš	ëCuCü̥Cuš	ëCü̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	ëCeCḁ̈Cit	ëCḁ̈Cit	ëCoCü̥Cut	ëCü̥Cut

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	juterḁ̈mu	jušḁ̈ku	juŕokü̥mu	jukü̥ru
2^nd sing.	jötirḁ̈mu	jöšḁ̈ku	jüŕukü̥mu	jükü̥ru
3^rd sing.	jöterḁ̈m	jöšḁ̈k	jüŕokü̥m	jükü̥r
1^st plur.	ëterḁ̈mim	ëšḁ̈kim	ëŕokü̥mum	ëkü̥rum
2^nd plur.	ëtirḁ̈miš	ëšḁ̈kiš	ëŕukü̥muš	ëkü̥ruš
3^rd plur.	ëterḁ̈mit	ëšḁ̈kit	ëŕokü̥mut	ëkü̥rut

As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence.

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	joukenysḁ̈mu	jušḁ̈jaku	juloqü̥xamu	juśü̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jökinysḁ̈mu	jöšḁ̈jaku	jüluqü̥xamu	jüśü̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jökenysḁ̈m	jöšḁ̈jak	jüloqü̥xam	jüśü̥juʔ
1^st plur.	ëkenysḁ̈mim	ëšḁ̈jakim	ëloqü̥xamum	ëśü̥juʔum
2^nd plur.	ëkinysḁ̈miš	ëšḁ̈jakiš	ëluqü̥xamuš	ëśü̥juʔuš
3^rd plur.	ëkenysḁ̈mit	ëšḁ̈jakit	ëloqü̥xamut	ëśü̥juʔut

Conditional mood

The conditional mood is derived from the indicative mood by altering the thematic vowel. Conversely, the conjugation patterns for all tenses remain the same:

	Indicative	Subjunctive
Conjugation I	-e-	-a-
Conjugation II	-o-	-y-

Imperfective present

In the imperfective present, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	joCCḁCu	joCḁCu	joCCẏCu	joCẏCu
2^nd sing.	jaCCḁCu	jaCḁCu	jäCCẏCu	jäCẏCu
3^rd sing.	jaCCḁCe	jaCḁCe	jäCCẏCo	jäCẏCo
1^st plur.	CCḁCem	CḁCem	CCẏCom	CẏCom
2^nd plur.	CCḁCeš	CḁCeš	CCẏCoš	CẏCoš
3^rd plur.	CCḁCet	CḁCet	CCẏCot	CẏCot

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	jotrḁmu	jošḁku	joŕkẏmu	jokẏru
2^nd sing.	jatrḁmu	jašḁku	jäŕkẏmu	jäkẏru
3^rd sing.	jatrḁme	jašḁke	jäŕkẏmo	jäkẏro
1^st plur.	trḁmem	šḁkem	ŕkẏmom	kẏrom
2^nd plur.	trḁmeš	šḁkeš	ŕkẏmoš	kẏroš
3^rd plur.	trḁmet	šḁket	ŕkẏmot	kẏrot

In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.

	conjugation I	conjugation II
	triliteral root	triliteral root
1^st sing.	joCCḁCu	joCCẏCu
2^nd sing.	jaCCḁCu	jäCCẏCu
3^rd sing.	jaCCḁCe	jäCCẏCo
1^st plur.	CëCḁCem	CëCẏCom
2^nd plur.	CëCḁCeš	CëCẏCoš
3^rd plur.	CëCḁCet	CëCẏCot

With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	jofkḁçu	jofsẏru
2^nd sing.	jafkḁçu	jäfsẏru
3^rd sing.	jafkḁçe	jäfsẏro
1^st plur.	fëkḁçem	fësẏrom
2^nd plur.	fëkḁçeš	fësẏroš
3^rd plur.	fëkḁçet	fësẏrot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	joknysḁmu	jošḁjaku	jolqẏxamu	jośẏjuʔu
2^nd sing.	jaknysḁmu	jašḁjaku	jälqẏxamu	jäśẏjuʔu
3^rd sing.	jaknysḁme	jašḁjake	jälqẏxamo	jäśẏjuʔo
1^st plur.	knysḁmem	šḁjakem	lqẏxamom	śẏjuʔom
2^nd plur.	knysḁmeš	šḁjakeš	lqẏxamoš	śẏjuʔoš
3^rd plur.	knysḁmet	šḁjaket	lqẏxamot	śẏjuʔot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	josqäțxḁsu	jonöʔcicẏru
2^nd sing.	jasqäțxḁsu	jänöʔcicẏru
3^rd sing.	jasqäțxḁse	jänöʔcicẏro
1^st plur.	sqäțxḁsem	nöʔcicẏrom
2^nd plur.	sqäțxḁseš	nöʔcicẏroš
3^rd plur.	sqäțxḁset	nöʔcicẏrot

Imperfective past

In the imperfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	CCḁCu	CḁCu	CCẏCu	CẏCu
2^nd sing.	CCḁCu	CḁCu	CCẏCu	CẏCu
3^rd sing.	CCḁCe	CḁCe	CCẏCo	CẏCo
1^st plur.	CCḁCim	CḁCim	CCẏCum	CẏCum
2^nd plur.	CCḁCiš	CḁCiš	CCẏCuš	CẏCuš
3^rd plur.	CCḁCit	CḁCit	CCẏCut	CẏCut

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	trḁmu	šḁku	ŕkẏmu	kẏru
2^nd sing.	trḁmu	šḁku	ŕkẏmu	kẏru
3^rd sing.	trḁme	šḁke	ŕkẏmo	kẏro
1^st plur.	trḁmim	švkim	ŕkẏmum	kẏrum
2^nd plur.	trḁmiš	šḁkiš	ŕkẏmuš	kẏruš
3^rd plur.	trḁmit	šḁkit	ŕkẏmut	kẏrut

In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.

	conjugation I	conjugation II
	triliteral root	triliteral root
1^st sing.	CëCḁCu	CëCẏCu
2^nd sing.	CëCḁCu	CëCẏCu
3^rd sing.	CëCḁCe	CëCẏCo
1^st plur.	CëCḁCim	CëCẏCum
2^nd plur.	CëCḁCiš	CëCẏCuš
3^rd plur.	CëCḁCit	CëCẏCut

With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	fëkḁçu	fësẏru
2^nd sing.	fëkḁçu	fësẏru
3^rd sing.	fëkḁçe	fësẏro
1^st plur.	fëkḁçim	fësẏrum
2^nd plur.	fëkḁçiš	fësẏruš
3^rd plur.	fëkḁçit	fësẏrut

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	knysḁmu	šḁjaku	lqẏxamu	śẏjuʔu
2^nd sing.	knysḁmu	šḁjaku	lqẏxamu	śẏjuʔu
3^rd sing.	knysḁme	šḁjake	lqẏxamo	śẏjuʔo
1^st plur.	knysḁmim	šḁjakim	lqẏxamum	śẏjuʔum
2^nd plur.	knysḁmiš	šḁjakiš	lqẏxamuš	śẏjuʔuš
3^rd plur.	knysḁmit	šḁjakit	lqẏxamut	śẏjuʔut

Imperfective future

In the imperfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	juCCḁCu	juCḁCu	juCCẏCu	juCẏCu
2^nd sing.	jöCCḁCu	jöCḁCu	jüCCẏCu	jüCẏCu
3^rd sing.	jöCCḁCe	jöCḁCe	jüCCẏCo	jüCẏCo
1^st plur.	ëCCḁCem	ëCḁCem	ëCCẏCom	ëCẏCom
2^nd plur.	ëCCḁCeš	ëCḁCeš	ëCCẏCoš	ëCẏCoš
3^rd plur.	ëCCḁCet	ëCḁCet	ëCCẏCot	ëCẏCot

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	jutrḁmu	jušḁku	juŕkẏmu	jukẏru
2^nd sing.	jötrḁmu	jöšḁku	jüŕkẏmu	jükẏru
3^rd sing.	jötrḁme	jöšḁke	jüŕkẏmo	jükẏro
1^st plur.	ëtrḁmem	ëšḁkem	ëŕkẏmom	ëkẏrom
2^nd plur.	ëtrḁmeš	ëšḁkeš	ëŕkẏmoš	ëkẏroš
3^rd plur.	ëtrḁmet	ëšḁket	ëŕkẏmot	ëkẏrot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	juknysḁmu	jušḁjaku	julqẏxamu	juśẏjuʔu
2^nd sing.	jöknysḁmu	jöšḁjaku	jülqẏxamu	jüśẏjuʔu
3^rd sing.	jöknysḁme	jöšḁjake	jülqẏxamo	jüśẏjuʔo
1^st plur.	ëknysḁmem	ëšḁjakem	ëlqẏxamom	ëśẏjuʔom
2^nd plur.	ëknysḁmeš	ëšḁjakeš	ëlqẏxamoš	ëśẏjuʔoš
3^rd plur.	ëknysḁmet	ëšḁjaket	ëlqẏxamot	ëśẏjuʔot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	jusqäțxḁsu	junöʔcicẏru
2^nd sing.	jösqäțxḁsu	jönöʔcicẏru
3^rd sing.	jösqäțxḁse	jönöʔcicẏro
1^st plur.	ësqäțxḁsem	ënöʔcicẏrom
2^nd plur.	ësqäțxḁseš	ënöʔcicẏroš
3^rd plur.	ësqäțxḁset	ënöʔcicẏrot

Perfective present

In the perfective present or perfect, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	joCeCḁCu	jeCḁCu	joCoCẏCu	jeCẏCu
2^nd sing.	jaCiCḁCu	jiCḁCu	jäCuCẏCu	juCẏCu
3^rd sing.	jaCeCḁC	jeCḁC	jäCoCẏC	jeCẏC
1^st plur.	CeCḁCim	eCḁCim	CoCẏCum	oCẏCum
2^nd plur.	CiCḁCiš	iCḁCiš	CuCẏCuš	uCẏCuš
3^rd plur.	CeCḁCit	eCḁCit	CoCẏCut	oCẏCut

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	joterḁmu	ješḁku	joŕokẏmu	jekẏru
2^nd sing.	jatirḁmu	jišḁku	jäŕukẏmu	jukẏru
3^rd sing.	jaterḁm	ješḁk	jäŕokẏm	jekẏr
1^st plur.	terḁmim	ešḁkim	ŕokẏmum	okẏrum
2^nd plur.	tirḁmiš	išḁkiš	ŕukẏmuš	ukẏruš
3^rd plur.	terḁmit	ešḁkit	ŕokẏmut	okẏrut

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	jokenysḁmu	ješḁjaku	joloqẏxamu	jeśẏjuʔu
2^nd sing.	jakinysḁmu	jišḁjaku	jäluqẏxamu	juśẏjuʔu
3^rd sing.	jakenysḁm	ješḁjak	jäloqẏxam	jeśẏjuʔ
1^st plur.	kenysḁmim	ešḁjakim	loqẏxamum	ośẏjuʔum
2^nd plur.	kinysḁmiš	išḁjakiš	luqẏxamuš	uśẏjuʔuš
3^rd plur.	kenysḁmit	ešḁjakit	loqẏxamut	ośẏjuʔut

Perfective past

In the perfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	CeCḁCu	eCḁCu	CoCẏCu	oCẏCu
2^nd sing.	CiCḁCu	iCḁCu	CuCẏCu	uCẏCu
3^rd sing.	CeCḁC	eCḁC	CoCẏC	oCẏC
1^st plur.	CeCḁCem	eCḁCem	CoCẏCom	oCẏCom
2^nd plur.	CiCḁCeš	iCḁCeš	CuCẏCoš	uCẏCoš
3^rd plur.	CeCḁCet	eCḁCet	CoCẏCot	oCẏCot

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	terḁmu	ešḁku	ŕokẏmu	okẏru
2^nd sing.	tirḁmu	išḁku	ŕukẏmu	okẏru
3^rd sing.	terḁm	ešḁk	ŕokẏm	okẏr
1^st plur.	terḁmem	ešḁkem	ŕokẏmom	okẏrom
2^nd plur.	tirḁmeš	išḁkeš	ŕukẏmoš	ukẏroš
3^rd plur.	terḁmet	ešḁket	ŕokẏmot	okẏrot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	kenysḁmu	ešḁjaku	loqẏxamu	ośẏjuʔu
2^nd sing.	kinysḁmu	išḁjaku	luqẏxamu	uśẏjuʔu
3^rd sing.	kenysḁm	ešḁjak	loqẏxam	ośẏjuʔ
1^st plur.	kenysḁmem	ešḁjakem	loqẏxamom	ośẏjuʔom
2^nd plur.	kinysḁmeš	išḁjakeš	luqẏxamoš	uśẏjuʔoš
3^rd plur.	kenysḁmet	ešḁjaket	loqẏxamot	ośẏjuʔot

Perfective future

In the perfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	juCeCḁCu	juCḁCu	juCoCẏCu	juCẏCu
2^nd sing.	jöCiCḁCu	jöCḁCu	jüCuCẏCu	jüCẏCu
3^rd sing.	jöCeCḁC	jöCḁC	jüCoCẏC	jüCẏC
1^st plur.	ëCeCḁCim	ëCḁCim	ëCoCẏCum	ëCẏCum
2^nd plur.	ëCiCḁCiš	ëCḁCiš	ëCuCẏCuš	ëCẏCuš
3^rd plur.	ëCeCḁCit	ëCḁCit	ëCoCẏCut	ëCẏCut

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	juterḁmu	jušḁku	juŕokẏmu	jukẏru
2^nd sing.	jötirḁmu	jöšḁku	jüŕukẏmu	jükẏru
3^rd sing.	jöterḁm	jöšḁk	jüŕokẏm	jükẏr
1^st plur.	ëterḁmim	ëšḁkim	ëŕokẏmum	ëkẏrum
2^nd plur.	ëtirḁmiš	ëšḁkiš	ëŕukẏmuš	ëkẏruš
3^rd plur.	ëterḁmit	ëšḁkit	ëŕokẏmut	ëkẏrut

As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence.

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	joukenysḁmu	jušḁjaku	juloqẏxamu	juśẏjuʔu
2^nd sing.	jökinysḁmu	jöšḁjaku	jüluqẏxamu	jüśẏjuʔu
3^rd sing.	jökenysḁm	jöšḁjak	jüloqẏxam	jüśẏjuʔ
1^st plur.	ëkenysḁmim	ëšḁjakim	ëloqẏxamum	ëśẏjuʔum
2^nd plur.	ëkinysḁmiš	ëšḁjakiš	ëluqẏxamuš	ëśẏjuʔuš
3^rd plur.	ëkenysḁmit	ëšḁjakit	ëloqẏxamut	ëśẏjuʔut

Optative mood

The optative mood is derived from the indicative mood by altering the thematic vowel. Conversely, the conjugation patterns for all tenses remain the same:

	Indicative	Subjunctive
Conjugation I	-e-	-i-
Conjugation II	-o-	-ö-

Imperfective present

In the imperfective present, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	joCCi̥Cu	joCi̥Cu	joCCö̥Cu	joCö̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jaCCi̥Cu	jaCi̥Cu	jäCCö̥Cu	jäCö̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jaCCi̥Ce	jaCi̥Ce	jäCCö̥Co	jäCö̥Co
1^st plur.	CCi̥Cem	Ci̥Cem	CCö̥Com	Cö̥Com
2^nd plur.	CCi̥Ceš	Ci̥Ceš	CCö̥Coš	Cö̥Coš
3^rd plur.	CCi̥Cet	Ci̥Cet	CCö̥Cot	Cö̥Cot

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	jotri̥mu	joši̥ku	joŕkö̥mu	jokö̥ru
2^nd sing.	jatri̥mu	jaši̥ku	jäŕkö̥mu	jäkö̥ru
3^rd sing.	jatri̥me	jaši̥ke	jäŕkö̥mo	jäkö̥ro
1^st plur.	tri̥mem	ši̥kem	ŕkö̥mom	kö̥rom
2^nd plur.	tri̥meš	ši̥keš	ŕkö̥moš	kö̥roš
3^rd plur.	tri̥met	ši̥ket	ŕkö̥mot	kö̥rot

In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.

	conjugation I	conjugation II
	triliteral root	triliteral root
1^st sing.	joCCi̥Cu	joCCö̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jaCCi̥Cu	jäCCö̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jaCCi̥Ce	jäCCö̥Co
1^st plur.	CëCi̥Cem	CëCö̥Com
2^nd plur.	CëCi̥Ceš	CëCö̥Coš
3^rd plur.	CëCi̥Cet	CëCö̥Cot

With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	jofki̥çu	jofsö̥ru
2^nd sing.	jafki̥çu	jäfsö̥ru
3^rd sing.	jafki̥çe	jäfsö̥ro
1^st plur.	fëki̥çem	fësö̥rom
2^nd plur.	fëki̥çeš	fësö̥roš
3^rd plur.	fëki̥çet	fësö̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	joknysi̥mu	joši̥jaku	jolqö̥xamu	jośö̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jaknysi̥mu	jaši̥jaku	jälqö̥xamu	jäśö̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jaknysi̥me	jaši̥jake	jälqö̥xamo	jäśö̥juʔo
1^st plur.	knysi̥mem	ši̥jakem	lqö̥xamom	śö̥juʔom
2^nd plur.	knysi̥meš	ši̥jakeš	lqö̥xamoš	śö̥juʔoš
3^rd plur.	knysi̥met	ši̥jaket	lqö̥xamot	śö̥juʔot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	josqäțxi̥su	jonöʔcicö̥ru
2^nd sing.	jasqäțxi̥su	jänöʔcicö̥ru
3^rd sing.	jasqäțxi̥se	jänöʔcicö̥ro
1^st plur.	sqäțxi̥sem	nöʔcicö̥rom
2^nd plur.	sqäțxi̥seš	nöʔcicö̥roš
3^rd plur.	sqäțxi̥set	nöʔcicö̥rot

Imperfective past

In the imperfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	CCi̥Cu	Ci̥Cu	CCö̥Cu	Cö̥Cu
2^nd sing.	CCi̥Cu	Ci̥Cu	CCö̥Cu	Cö̥Cu
3^rd sing.	CCi̥Ce	Ci̥Ce	CCö̥Co	Cö̥Co
1^st plur.	CCi̥Cim	Ci̥Cim	CCö̥Cum	Cö̥Cum
2^nd plur.	CCi̥Ciš	Ci̥Ciš	CCö̥Cuš	Cö̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	CCi̥Cit	Ci̥Cit	CCö̥Cut	Cö̥Cut

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	tri̥mu	ši̥ku	ŕkö̥mu	kö̥ru
2^nd sing.	tri̥mu	ši̥ku	ŕkö̥mu	kö̥ru
3^rd sing.	tri̥me	ši̥ke	ŕkö̥mo	kö̥ro
1^st plur.	tri̥mim	ši̥kim	ŕkö̥mum	kö̥rum
2^nd plur.	tri̥miš	ši̥kiš	ŕkö̥muš	kö̥ruš
3^rd plur.	tri̥mit	ši̥kit	ŕkö̥mut	kö̥rut

In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.

	conjugation I	conjugation II
	triliteral root	triliteral root
1^st sing.	CëCi̥Cu	CëCö̥Cu
2^nd sing.	CëCi̥Cu	CëCö̥Cu
3^rd sing.	CëCi̥Ce	CëCö̥Co
1^st plur.	CëCi̥Cim	CëCö̥Cum
2^nd plur.	CëCi̥Ciš	CëCö̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	CëCi̥Cit	CëCö̥Cut

With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	fëki̥çu	fësö̥ru
2^nd sing.	fëki̥çu	fësö̥ru
3^rd sing.	fëki̥çe	fësö̥ro
1^st plur.	fëki̥çim	fësö̥rum
2^nd plur.	fëki̥çiš	fësö̥ruš
3^rd plur.	fëki̥çit	fësö̥rut

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	knysi̥mu	ši̥jaku	lqö̥xamu	śö̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	knysi̥mu	ši̥jaku	lqö̥xamu	śö̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	knysi̥me	ši̥jake	lqö̥xamo	śö̥juʔo
1^st plur.	knysi̥mim	ši̥jakim	lqö̥xamum	śö̥juʔum
2^nd plur.	knysi̥miš	ši̥jakiš	lqö̥xamuš	śö̥juʔuš
3^rd plur.	knysi̥mit	ši̥jakit	lqö̥xamut	śö̥juʔut

Imperfective future

In the imperfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	juCCi̥Cu	juCi̥Cu	juCCö̥Cu	juCö̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jöCCi̥Cu	jöCi̥Cu	jüCCö̥Cu	jüCö̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jöCCi̥Ce	jöCi̥Ce	jüCCö̥Co	jüCö̥Co
1^st plur.	ëCCi̥Cem	ëCi̥Cem	ëCCö̥Com	ëCö̥Com
2^nd plur.	ëCCi̥Ceš	ëCi̥Ceš	ëCCö̥Coš	ëCö̥Coš
3^rd plur.	ëCCi̥Cet	ëCi̥Cet	ëCCö̥Cot	ëCö̥Cot

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	jutri̥mu	juši̥ku	juŕkö̥mu	jukö̥ru
2^nd sing.	jötri̥mu	jöši̥ku	jüŕkö̥mu	jükö̥ru
3^rd sing.	jötri̥me	jöši̥ke	jüŕkö̥mo	jükö̥ro
1^st plur.	ëtri̥mem	ëši̥kem	ëŕkö̥mom	ëkö̥rom
2^nd plur.	ëtri̥meš	ëši̥keš	ëŕkö̥moš	ëkö̥roš
3^rd plur.	ëtri̥met	ëši̥ket	ëŕkö̥mot	ëkö̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	juknysi̥mu	juši̥jaku	julqö̥xamu	juśö̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jöknysi̥mu	jöši̥jaku	jülqö̥xamu	jüśö̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jöknysi̥me	jöši̥jake	jülqö̥xamo	jüśö̥juʔo
1^st plur.	ëknysi̥mem	ëši̥jakem	ëlqö̥xamom	ëśö̥juʔom
2^nd plur.	ëknysi̥meš	ëši̥jakeš	ëlqö̥xamoš	ëśö̥juʔoš
3^rd plur.	ëknysi̥met	ëši̥jaket	ëlqö̥xamot	ëśö̥juʔot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

	fekçel	fosrel
1^st sing.	jusqäțxi̥su	junöʔcicö̥ru
2^nd sing.	jösqäțxi̥su	jönöʔcicö̥ru
3^rd sing.	jösqäțxi̥se	jönöʔcicö̥ro
1^st plur.	ësqäțxi̥sem	ënöʔcicö̥rom
2^nd plur.	ësqäțxi̥seš	ënöʔcicö̥roš
3^rd plur.	ësqäțxi̥set	ënöʔcicö̥rot

Perfective present

In the perfective present or perfect, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	joCeCi̥Cu	jeCi̥Cu	joCoCö̥Cu	jeCö̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jaCiCi̥Cu	jiCi̥Cu	jäCuCö̥Cu	juCö̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jaCeCi̥C	jeCi̥C	jäCoCö̥C	jeCö̥C
1^st plur.	CeCi̥Cim	eCi̥Cim	CoCö̥Cum	oCö̥Cum
2^nd plur.	CiCi̥Ciš	iCi̥Ciš	CuCö̥Cuš	uCö̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	CeCi̥Cit	eCi̥Cit	CoCö̥Cut	oCö̥Cut

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	joteri̥mu	ješi̥ku	joŕokö̥mu	jekö̥ru
2^nd sing.	jatiri̥mu	jiši̥ku	jäŕukö̥mu	jukö̥ru
3^rd sing.	jateri̥m	ješi̥k	jäŕokö̥m	jekö̥r
1^st plur.	teri̥mim	eši̥kim	ŕokö̥mum	okö̥rum
2^nd plur.	tiri̥miš	iši̥kiš	ŕukö̥muš	ukö̥ruš
3^rd plur.	teri̥mit	eši̥kit	ŕokö̥mut	okö̥rut

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	jokenysi̥mu	ješi̥jaku	joloqö̥xamu	jeśö̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jakinysi̥mu	jiši̥jaku	jäluqö̥xamu	juśö̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jakenysi̥m	ješi̥jak	jäloqö̥xam	jeśö̥juʔ
1^st plur.	kenysi̥mim	eši̥jakim	loqö̥xamum	ośö̥juʔum
2^nd plur.	kinysi̥miš	iši̥jakiš	luqö̥xamuš	uśö̥juʔuš
3^rd plur.	kenysi̥mit	eši̥jakit	loqö̥xamut	ośö̥juʔut

Perfective past

In the perfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	CeCi̥Cu	eCi̥Cu	CoCö̥Cu	oCö̥Cu
2^nd sing.	CiCi̥Cu	iCi̥Cu	CuCö̥Cu	uCö̥Cu
3^rd sing.	CeCi̥C	eCi̥C	CoCö̥C	oCö̥C
1^st plur.	CeCi̥Cem	eCi̥Cem	CoCö̥Com	oCö̥Com
2^nd plur.	CiCi̥Ceš	iCi̥Ceš	CuCö̥Coš	uCö̥Coš
3^rd plur.	CeCi̥Cet	eCi̥Cet	CoCö̥Cot	oCö̥Cot

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	teri̥mu	eši̥ku	ŕokö̥mu	okö̥ru
2^nd sing.	tiri̥mu	iši̥ku	ŕukö̥mu	okö̥ru
3^rd sing.	teri̥m	eši̥k	ŕokö̥m	okö̥r
1^st plur.	teri̥mem	eši̥kem	ŕokö̥mom	okö̥rom
2^nd plur.	tiri̥meš	iši̥keš	ŕukö̥moš	ukö̥roš
3^rd plur.	teri̥met	eši̥ket	ŕokö̥mot	okö̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	kenysi̥mu	eši̥jaku	loqö̥xamu	ośö̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	kinysi̥mu	iši̥jaku	luqö̥xamu	uśö̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	kenysi̥m	eši̥jak	loqö̥xam	ośö̥juʔ
1^st plur.	kenysi̥mem	eši̥jakem	loqö̥xamom	ośö̥juʔom
2^nd plur.	kinysi̥meš	iši̥jakeš	luqö̥xamoš	uśö̥juʔoš
3^rd plur.	kenysi̥met	eši̥jaket	loqö̥xamot	ośö̥juʔot

Perfective future

In the perfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	juCeCi̥Cu	juCi̥Cu	juCoCö̥Cu	juCö̥Cu
2^nd sing.	jöCiCi̥Cu	jöCi̥Cu	jüCuCö̥Cu	jüCö̥Cu
3^rd sing.	jöCeCi̥C	jöCi̥C	jüCoCö̥C	jüCö̥C
1^st plur.	ëCeCi̥Cim	ëCi̥Cim	ëCoCö̥Cum	ëCö̥Cum
2^nd plur.	ëCiCi̥Ciš	ëCi̥Ciš	ëCuCö̥Cuš	ëCö̥Cuš
3^rd plur.	ëCeCi̥Cit	ëCi̥Cit	ëCoCö̥Cut	ëCö̥Cut

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	juteri̥mu	juši̥ku	juŕokö̥mu	jukö̥ru
2^nd sing.	jötiri̥mu	jöši̥ku	jüŕukö̥mu	jükö̥ru
3^rd sing.	jöteri̥m	jöši̥k	jüŕokö̥m	jükö̥r
1^st plur.	ëteri̥mim	ëši̥kim	ëŕokö̥mum	ëkö̥rum
2^nd plur.	ëtiri̥miš	ëši̥kiš	ëŕukö̥muš	ëkö̥ruš
3^rd plur.	ëteri̥mit	ëši̥kit	ëŕokö̥mut	ëkö̥rut

As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence.

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

	kyse̥nsel	šejakel	loxaqŕel	śojuʔel
1^st sing.	joukenysi̥mu	juši̥jaku	juloqö̥xamu	juśö̥juʔu
2^nd sing.	jökinysi̥mu	jöši̥jaku	jüluqö̥xamu	jüśö̥juʔu
3^rd sing.	jökenysi̥m	jöši̥jak	jüloqö̥xam	jüśö̥juʔ
1^st plur.	ëkenysi̥mim	ëši̥jakim	ëloqö̥xamum	ëśö̥juʔum
2^nd plur.	ëkinysi̥miš	ëši̥jakiš	ëluqö̥xamuš	ëśö̥juʔuš
3^rd plur.	ëkenysi̥mit	ëši̥jakit	ëloqö̥xamut	ëśö̥juʔut

Imperative mood

Unlike the other verbal moods, the imperative mood is distinguished by a substantially different conjugation pattern. The thematic vowels are the same as the indicative mood. Only the second persons and the first plural person are conveyed, without any further temporal or aspectual distinctions:

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	-	-	-	-
2^nd sing.	Ce̥CiC	Ce̥Ce	Co̥CuC	Co̥Co
3^rd sing.	-	-	-	-
1^st plur.	Ce̥CiCem	Ce̥Cem	Co̥CuCom	Co̥Com
2^nd plur.	Ce̥CiCeš	Ce̥Ceš	Co̥CuCoš	Co̥Coš
3^rd plur.	-	-	-	-

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	-	-	-	-
2^nd sing.	te̥rim	še̥ke	ŕo̥kum	ko̥ro
3^rd sing.	-	-	-	-
1^st plur.	te̥rimem	še̥kem	ŕo̥kumom	ko̥rom
2^nd plur.	te̥rimeš	še̥keš	ŕo̥kumoš	ko̥roš
3^rd plur.	-	-	-	-

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It can, however, be conjugated according to the mood, thus forming an indicative, a subjunctive, a conditional, and an optative form (although the usage of the modal forms is quite limited).

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
indicative	Ce̥CCel	Ce̥Cel	Co̥CCel	Co̥Cel
subjunctive	Cḁ̈CCel	Cḁ̈Cel	Cü̥CCel	Cü̥Cel
conditional	CḁCCel	CḁCel	CẏCCel	CẏCel
optative	Ci̥CCel	Ci̥Cel	Cö̥CCel	Cö̥Cel

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
indicative	te̥rmel	še̥kel	ŕo̥kmel	ko̥rel
subjunctive	tḁ̈rmel	šḁ̈kel	ŕü̥kmel	kü̥rel
conditional	tḁrmel	šḁkel	ŕẏkmel	kẏrel
optative	ti̥rmel	ši̥kel	ŕö̥kmel	kö̥rel

The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it is regarded as a verbal noun, being declined only in the singular number. Conversely, its accusative form coincides with the nominative form, if not introduced by a preposition.

Participles

There are two participial forms, the active participle and the passive participle. They are regarded mostly as adjectival forms of a verb, usually linked to nouns which actively perform an action, or which undergo an action or inactively are in a certain state. Their usage as verbal forms is limited to building of relative clauses.

Active participle

Present

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
singular	jäpëCCe̥Cuś	jäpëCe̥Cuś	jöpëCCo̥Cuś	jöpëCo̥Cuś
plural	jäpëCCe̥Cyś	jäpëCe̥Cyś	jöpëCCo̥Cyś	jöpëCo̥Cyś

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
singular	jäpëtre̥muś	jäpëše̥kuś	jöpëŕko̥muś	jöpëko̥ruś
plural	jäpëtre̥myś	jäpëše̥kyś	jöpëŕko̥myś	jöpëko̥ryś

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

	fekçel	fosrel
singular	jäpësqäțxe̥suś	jöpënöʔcico̥ruś
plural	jäpësqäțxe̥syś	jöpënöʔcico̥ryś

Past

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
singular	pëCCe̥Cuś	pëCe̥Cuś	pëCCo̥Cuś	pëCo̥Cuś
plural	pëCCe̥Cyś	pëCe̥Cyś	pëCCo̥Cyś	pëCo̥Cyś

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
singular	pëtre̥muś	pëše̥kuś	pëŕko̥muś	pëko̥ruś
plural	pëtre̥myś	pëše̥kyś	pëŕko̥myś	pëko̥ryś

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

	fekçel	fosrel
singular	pësqäțxe̥suś	pënöʔcico̥ruś
plural	pësqäțxe̥syś	pënöʔcico̥ryś

Passive participle

Present

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
singular	jäfëCCe̥Cuś	jäfëCe̥Cuś	jöfëCCo̥Cuś	jöfëCo̥Cuś
plural	jäfëCCe̥Cyś	jäfëCe̥Cyś	jöfëCCo̥Cyś	jöfëCo̥Cyś

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
singular	jäfëtre̥muś	jäfëše̥kuś	jöfëŕko̥muś	jöfëko̥ruś
plural	jäfëtre̥myś	jäfëše̥kyś	jöfëŕko̥myś	jöfëko̥ryś

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

	fekçel	fosrel
singular	jäfësqäțxe̥suś	jöfënöʔcico̥ruś
plural	jäfësqäțxe̥syś	jöfënöʔcico̥ryś

Past

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
singular	fëCCe̥Cuś	fëCe̥Cuś	fëCCo̥Cuś	fëCo̥Cuś
plural	fëCCe̥Cyś	fëCe̥Cyś	fëCCo̥Cyś	fëCo̥Cyś

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
singular	fëtre̥muś	fëše̥kuś	fëŕko̥muś	fëko̥ruś
plural	fëtre̥myś	fëše̥kyś	fëŕko̥myś	fëko̥ryś

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

	fekçel	fosrel
singular	fësqäțxe̥suś	fënöʔcico̥ruś
plural	fësqäțxe̥syś	fënöʔcico̥ryś

Technically, all participial forms can be conjugated according to the mood, thus forming an indicative, a subjunctive, a conditional, and an optative form, according to the modal formation vocalic rules. In practivce, usage of modal forms of participles is extremely limited, either as an adjectival form or as a verbal form.

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis does not displays any compound form, or different conjugation patterns. The active and the passive diathesis are distinguished by altering the personal endings. A passive morpheme (-t o -ť), and a pluralizing morpheme (-y), are placed after the active personal ending:

	active form	passive form
1^st sing.	-u	-ut
2^nd sing.	-u / -o	-uť / -oť
3^rd sing.	thematic vowel / Ø	-et / -ot / -ët
1^st plur.	-m	-nty
2^nd plur.	-š	-šťy
3^rd plur.	-t	-ty

These endings are used in every mood, aspect, and tense. The only distinct form is used in the 2^nd singular person in the imperative mood:

	active form	passive form
1^st sing.	-	-
2^nd sing.	-Ø	-ëť
3^rd sing.	-	-
1^st plur.	-m	-nty
2^nd plur.	-š	-šťy
3^rd plur.	-	-

The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. As an example the passive forms of the perfective past indicative are shown.

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
1^st sing.	CeCe̥Cut	eCe̥Cut	CoCo̥Cut	oCo̥Cut
2^nd sing.	CiCe̥Cuť	iCe̥Cuť	CuCo̥Cuť	uCo̥Cuť
3^rd sing.	CeCe̥Cët	eCe̥Cët	CoCo̥Cët	oCo̥Cët
1^st plur.	CeCe̥Centy	eCe̥Centy	CoCo̥Conty	oCo̥Conty
2^nd plur.	CiCe̥Cešťy	iCe̥Cešťy	CuCo̥Cošťy	uCo̥Cošťy
3^rd plur.	CeCe̥Cety	eCe̥Cety	CoCo̥Coty	oCo̥Coty

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
1^st sing.	tere̥mut	eše̥kut	ŕoko̥mut	oko̥rut
2^nd sing.	tire̥muť	iše̥kuť	ŕuko̥muť	oko̥ruť
3^rd sing.	tere̥mët	eše̥kët	ŕoko̥mët	oko̥rët
1^st plur.	tere̥menty	eše̥kenty	ŕoko̥monty	oko̥ronty
2^nd plur.	tire̥mešťy	iše̥kešťy	ŕuko̥mošťy	uko̥rošťy
3^rd plur.	tere̥mety	eše̥kety	ŕoko̥moty	oko̥roty

Example of sentence transformation:

mono̥q o̥sfe ʔinu̥rim → mono̥qët ʔinu̥r ʔyl o̥sfeš
the dog bit the man → The man was bitten by the dog

The passive infinitive features the same passive morpheme -t. As an example the passive infinitive conjugation pattern is shown.

	conjugation I		conjugation II
	triliteral root	biliteral root	triliteral root	biliteral root
indicative	Ce̥CCelt	Ce̥Celt	Co̥CCelt	Co̥Celt

Examples:

	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
indicative	te̥rmelt	še̥kelt	ŕo̥kmelt	ko̥relt

Example of sentence transformation:

jämno̥qot ʔinu̥r lë̥t → jäno̥ʔo ʔinu̥r mo̥nqelt lë̥t
The man is not bitten → The man does not want to be bitten

Inferential valency

Le forme dette di valenza renarrativa indicano che l’azione di cui si parla è stata a sua volta riferita al locutore da una terza parte non presente al discorso. Numerose sono le sfumature di significato di queste forme, di cui verrà trattato più precisamente in seguito. Le forme renarrative vengono costruite con un infisso di tipo consonantico -r-/-l-, che si pone all’interno delle due radici, subito dopo la vocale primaria: dichiarativo renarrativo Rimpf CCV̥C CCV̥rC Rprf CVCV̥C CVCV̥rC

La forma -l- viene utilizzata solamente quando la consonante adiacente è di tipo rotico (r o ŕ). È possibile costruire forme di valenza renarrativa da ogni modo, aspetto e tempo verbale, ad eccezione delle forme di tipo indefinito e del modo imperativo. A titolo di esempio vengono fornite le forme renarrative della prima persona singolare di ogni aspetto e tempo del modo indicativo. coniug. I coniug. II tricons. bicons. tricons. bicons. imp. prs. joCCe̥rCu joCe̥rCu joCCo̥rCu joCo̥rCu imp. pas. CCe̥rCu Ce̥rCu CCo̥rCu Co̥rCu imp. fut. juCCe̥rCu juCe̥rCu juCCo̥rCu juCo̥rCu prf. prf. joCeCe̥rCu jeCe̥rCu joCoCo̥rCu jeCo̥rCu prf. pas. CeCe̥rCu eCe̥rCu CoCo̥rCu oCo̥rCu prf. fut. juCeCe̥rCu juCe̥rCu juCoCo̥rCu juCo̥rCu

Con i verbi d’esempio: termel šekel ŕokmel korel imp. prs. jotre̥rmu joše̥rku joŕko̥rmu joko̥lru imp. pas. tre̥rmu še̥rku ŕko̥rmu ko̥lru imp. fut. jutre̥rmu juše̥rku juŕko̥rmu juko̥lru prf. prf. jotere̥rmu ješe̥rku joŕoko̥rmu jeko̥lru prf. pas. tere̥rmu eše̥rku ŕoko̥rmu oko̥lru prf. fut. jutere̥rmu juše̥rku juŕoko̥rmu juko̥lru

User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 05:14, 1 July 2025

Contents

Conjugation of verbs

Declarative valency

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Subjunctive mood

Conditional mood

Optative mood

Imperative mood

Non-finite forms

Passive diathesis

Inferential valency

Navigation menu

Page actions

Page actions

Personal tools

Navigation

Search

Tools

@@ Line 2,402: / Line 2,402: @@
 ====Inferential valency====
+Le forme dette di valenza renarrativa indicano che l’azione di cui si parla è stata a sua volta riferita al locutore da una terza parte non presente al discorso. Numerose sono le sfumature di significato di queste forme, di cui verrà trattato più precisamente in seguito.
+Le forme renarrative vengono costruite con un infisso di tipo consonantico -r-/-l-, che si pone all’interno delle due radici, subito dopo la vocale primaria:
+	dichiarativo	renarrativo
+Rimpf	CCV̥C	CCV̥rC
+Rprf	CVCV̥C	CVCV̥rC
+La forma -l- viene utilizzata solamente quando la consonante adiacente è di tipo rotico (r o ŕ).
+È possibile costruire forme di valenza renarrativa da ogni modo, aspetto e tempo verbale, ad eccezione delle forme di tipo indefinito e del modo imperativo. A titolo di esempio vengono fornite le forme renarrative della prima persona singolare di ogni aspetto e tempo del modo indicativo.
+	coniug. I	coniug. II
+	tricons.	bicons.	tricons.	bicons.
+imp. prs.	joCCe̥rCu	joCe̥rCu	joCCo̥rCu	joCo̥rCu
+imp. pas.	CCe̥rCu	Ce̥rCu	CCo̥rCu	Co̥rCu
+imp. fut.	juCCe̥rCu	juCe̥rCu	juCCo̥rCu	juCo̥rCu
+prf. prf.	joCeCe̥rCu	jeCe̥rCu	joCoCo̥rCu	jeCo̥rCu
+prf. pas.	CeCe̥rCu	eCe̥rCu	CoCo̥rCu	oCo̥rCu
+prf. fut.	juCeCe̥rCu	juCe̥rCu	juCoCo̥rCu	juCo̥rCu
+Con i verbi d’esempio:
+	termel	šekel	ŕokmel	korel
+imp. prs.	jotre̥rmu	joše̥rku	joŕko̥rmu	joko̥lru
+imp. pas.	tre̥rmu	še̥rku	ŕko̥rmu	ko̥lru
+imp. fut.	jutre̥rmu	juše̥rku	juŕko̥rmu	juko̥lru
+prf. prf.	jotere̥rmu	ješe̥rku	joŕoko̥rmu	jeko̥lru
+prf. pas.	tere̥rmu	eše̥rku	ŕoko̥rmu	oko̥lru
+prf. fut.	jutere̥rmu	juše̥rku	juŕoko̥rmu	juko̥lru