User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
|}
|}


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| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jofke̥çu</center> || <center>jofso̥ru</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çu</center> || <center>fëso̥ru</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafke̥çu</center> || <center>jäfso̥ru</center>  
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çu</center> || <center>fëso̥ru</center>  
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafke̥çe</center> || <center>jäfso̥ro</center>  
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çe</center> || <center>fëso̥ro</center>  
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çem</center> || <center>fëso̥rom</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çim</center> || <center>fëso̥rum</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çeš</center> || <center>fëso̥roš</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çiš</center> || <center>fëso̥ruš</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çet</center> || <center>fëso̥rot</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çit</center> || <center>fëso̥rut</center>
|}
|}


Revision as of 04:43, 30 June 2025

Conjugation of verbs

Sample verbs (two samples with a triliteral root, and two samples with a biliteral root):

  • Conjugation I: termel, to sell - šekel, to give
  • Conjugation II: ŕokmel, to lead - korel, to judge

Declarative valency

Active diathesis
Indicative mood

Imperfective present

In the imperfective present, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

conjugation I
conjugation II
triliteral root
biliteral root
triliteral root
biliteral root
1st sing.
joCCe̥Cu
joCe̥Cu
joCCo̥Cu
joCo̥Cu
2nd sing.
jaCCe̥Cu
jaCe̥Cu
jäCCo̥Cu
jäCo̥Cu
3rd sing.
jaCCe̥Ce
jaCe̥Ce
jäCCo̥Co
jäCo̥Co
1st plur.
CCe̥Cem
Ce̥Cem
CCo̥Com
Co̥Com
2nd plur.
CCe̥Ceš
Ce̥Ceš
CCo̥Coš
Co̥Coš
3rd plur.
CCe̥Cet
Ce̥Cet
CCo̥Cot
Co̥Cot

Examples:

termel
šekel
ŕokmel
korel
1st sing.
jotre̥mu
joše̥ku
joŕko̥mu
joko̥ru
2nd sing.
jatre̥mu
jaše̥ku
jäŕko̥mu
jäko̥ru
3rd sing.
jatre̥me
jaše̥ke
jäŕko̥mo
jäko̥ro
1st plur.
tre̥mem
še̥kem
ŕko̥mom
ko̥rom
2nd plur.
tre̥meš
še̥keš
ŕko̥moš
ko̥roš
3rd plur.
tre̥met
še̥ket
ŕko̥mot
ko̥rot

In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.

conjugation I
conjugation II
triliteral root
triliteral root
1st sing.
joCCe̥Cu
joCCo̥Cu
2nd sing.
jaCCe̥Cu
jäCCo̥Cu
3rd sing.
jaCCe̥Ce
jäCCo̥Co
1st plur.
CëCe̥Cem
CëCo̥Com
2nd plur.
CëCe̥Ceš
CëCo̥Coš
3rd plur.
CëCe̥Cet
CëCo̥Cot

With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:

fekçel
fosrel
1st sing.
jofke̥çu
jofso̥ru
2nd sing.
jafke̥çu
jäfso̥ru
3rd sing.
jafke̥çe
jäfso̥ro
1st plur.
fëke̥çem
fëso̥rom
2nd plur.
fëke̥çeš
fëso̥roš
3rd plur.
fëke̥çet
fëso̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

kyse̥nsel
šejakel
loxaqŕel
śojuʔel
1st sing.
joknyse̥mu
joše̥jaku
jolqo̥xamu
jośo̥juʔu
2nd sing.
jaknyse̥mu
jaše̥jaku
jälqo̥xamu
jäśo̥juʔu
3rd sing.
jaknyse̥me
jaše̥jake
jälqo̥xamo
jäśo̥juʔo
1st plur.
knyse̥mem
še̥jakem
lqo̥xamom
śo̥juʔom
2nd plur.
knyse̥meš
še̥jakeš
lqo̥xamoš
śo̥juʔoš
3rd plur.
knyse̥met
še̥jaket
lqo̥xamot
śo̥juʔot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

fekçel
fosrel
1st sing.
josqäțxe̥su
jonöʔcico̥ru
2nd sing.
jasqäțxe̥su
jänöʔcico̥ru
3rd sing.
jasqäțxe̥se
jänöʔcico̥ro
1st plur.
sqäțxe̥sem
nöʔcico̥rom
2nd plur.
sqäțxe̥seš
nöʔcico̥roš
3rd plur.
sqäțxe̥set
nöʔcico̥rot

Imperfective past

In the imperfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

conjugation I
conjugation II
triliteral root
biliteral root
triliteral root
biliteral root
1st sing.
CCe̥Cu
Ce̥Cu
CCo̥Cu
Co̥Cu
2nd sing.
CCe̥Cu
Ce̥Cu
CCo̥Cu
Co̥Cu
3rd sing.
CCe̥Ce
Ce̥Ce
CCo̥Co
Co̥Co
1st plur.
CCe̥Cim
Ce̥Cim
CCo̥Cum
Co̥Cum
2nd plur.
CCe̥Ciš
Ce̥Ciš
CCo̥Cuš
Co̥Cuš
3rd plur.
CCe̥Cit
Ce̥Cit
CCo̥Cut
Co̥Cut

Examples:

termel
šekel
ŕokmel
korel
1st sing.
tre̥mu
še̥ku
ŕko̥mu
ko̥ru
2nd sing.
tre̥mu
še̥ku
ŕko̥mu
ko̥ru
3rd sing.
tre̥me
še̥ke
ŕko̥mo
ko̥ro
1st plur.
tre̥mim
še̥kim
ŕko̥mum
ko̥rum
2nd plur.
tre̥miš
še̥kiš
ŕko̥muš
ko̥ruš
3rd plur.
tre̥mit
še̥kit
ŕko̥mut
ko̥rut

In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.

conjugation I
conjugation II
triliteral root
triliteral root
1st sing.
CëCe̥Cu
CëCo̥Cu
2nd sing.
CëCe̥Cu
CëCo̥Cu
3rd sing.
CëCe̥Ce
CëCo̥Co
1st plur.
CëCe̥Cim
CëCo̥Cum
2nd plur.
CëCe̥Ciš
CëCo̥Cuš
3rd plur.
CëCe̥Cit
CëCo̥Cut

With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:

fekçel
fosrel
1st sing.
fëke̥çu
fëso̥ru
2nd sing.
fëke̥çu
fëso̥ru
3rd sing.
fëke̥çe
fëso̥ro
1st plur.
fëke̥çim
fëso̥rum
2nd plur.
fëke̥çiš
fëso̥ruš
3rd plur.
fëke̥çit
fëso̥rut

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

kyse̥nsel
šejakel
loxaqŕel
śojuʔel
1st sing.
joknyse̥mu
joše̥jaku
jolqo̥xamu
jośo̥juʔu
2nd sing.
jaknyse̥mu
jaše̥jaku
jälqo̥xamu
jäśo̥juʔu
3rd sing.
jaknyse̥me
jaše̥jake
jälqo̥xamo
jäśo̥juʔo
1st plur.
knyse̥mem
še̥jakem
lqo̥xamom
śo̥juʔom
2nd plur.
knyse̥meš
še̥jakeš
lqo̥xamoš
śo̥juʔoš
3rd plur.
knyse̥met
še̥jaket
lqo̥xamot
śo̥juʔot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

fekçel
fosrel
1st sing.
josqäțxe̥su
jonöʔcico̥ru
2nd sing.
jasqäțxe̥su
jänöʔcico̥ru
3rd sing.
jasqäțxe̥se
jänöʔcico̥ro
1st plur.
sqäțxe̥sem
nöʔcico̥rom
2nd plur.
sqäțxe̥seš
nöʔcico̥roš
3rd plur.
sqäțxe̥set
nöʔcico̥rot
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