User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of verbs

As already mentioned, conjungation affixes are added to the verbal root in the followin order: mood - aspect - tense. Since their morphological relevance is essentially inverse to their order, these affixes will be analysed in a reverse order.

Sample verbs: egmir, to write (with a front leading vowel), and tuurkar, to see, (with a back leading vowel).

Tense

Tense suffixes convey the time of the action or the state. They display two forms, the positive form and the negative form.

	positive		negative
	anterior	posterior	anterior	posterior
present.	-	-	-æl	-al
past	-iid	-uud	-eer	-oor
future	-eew	-oow	-iibb	-oobb

The negative forms are used to convey negation of the verb:

roo šeežene tuurkaruud → roo šeežene tuurkaroor
I saw you → I didn't see you

Negation is thus conveyed by these suffixes.

Examples:

	positive		negative
	egmir	tuurkar	egmir	tuurkar
present.	egmir	tuurkar	egmiræl	tuurkaral
past	egmiriid	tuurkaruud	egmireer	tuurkaroor
future	egmireew	tuurkaroow	egmiriibb	tuurkaroobb

Indicative mood

Imperfective aspect

The imperfective is a simple form. In the 1^st conjugation the personal endings are added directly to the imperfective verbal root. In the 2^nd and in the 2^rd conjugation the thematic vowels (which are lenghtened in their plural forms) and the personal endings are added to the imperfective verbal root:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðiš	ɟuxiš	ɸaquš
2nd sing.	ðim	ɟuxim	ɸaqum
3rd sing.	ðiɣ	ɟuxiɣ	ɸaquɣ
1st plur.	ðiža	ɟuxīža	ɸaqūža
2nd plur.	ðiku	ɟuxīku	ɸaqūku
3rd plur.	ðiç	ɟuxīç	ɸaqūç

Perfective aspect

The perfective is a simple form. In the 1^st conjugation the personal endings are added directly to the perfective verbal root. In the 2^nd and in the 2^rd conjugation the thematic vowels (which are lenghtened in their plural forms) and the personal endings are added to the perfective verbal root:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðīš	ɟūxiš	ɸāquš
2nd sing.	ðīm	ɟūxim	ɸāqum
3rd sing.	ðīɣ	ɟūxiɣ	ɸāquɣ
1st plur.	ðīža	ɟūxīža	ɸāqūža
2nd plur.	ðīku	ɟūxīku	ɸāqūku
3rd plur.	ðīç	ɟūxīç	ɸāqūç

Progressive aspect

The progressive is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active imperfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the indicative imperfective forms of the verb sū, to be, as an auxiliary verb:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðirā sūš	ɟuxirā sūš	ɸaqurā sūš
2nd sing.	ðirā sūm	ɟuxirā sūm	ɸaqurā sūm
3rd sing.	ðirā sūɣ	ɟuxirā sūɣ	ɸaqurā sūɣ
1st plur.	ðirā sūža	ɟuxirā sūža	ɸaqurā sūža
2nd plur.	ðirā sūku	ɟuxirā sūku	ɸaqurā sūku
3rd plur.	ðirā sūç	ɟuxirā sūç	ɸaqurā sūç

This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Resultative aspect

The resultative is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active perfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the indicative imperfective forms of the verb sū, to be, as an auxiliary verb:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðīrā sūš	ɟūxirā sūš	ɸāqurā sūš
2nd sing.	ðīrā sūm	ɟūxirā sūm	ɸāqurā sūm
3rd sing.	ðīrā sūɣ	ɟūxirā sūɣ	ɸāqurā sūɣ
1st plur.	ðīrā sūža	ɟūxirā sūža	ɸāqurā sūža
2nd plur.	ðīrā sūku	ɟūxirā sūku	ɸāqurā sūku
3rd plur.	ðīrā sūç	ɟūxirā sūç	ɸāqurā sūç

This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood displays the same aspectual forms of the indicative mood, being usually derived from the same indicative forms in different ways, according to the verbal conjugation:

• 1^st conjugation: the infixes -ja (singular form) and -jā (plural form) are added between the root and the personal ending.
• 2^nd conjugation: the thematic vowel is lenghtened in the singular forms and diphthongized in the plural forms.
• 3^rd conjugation: the thematic vowel is lenghtened in the singular forms and diphthongized in the plural forms.

Some verbs have irregular subjunctive forms.

Example:

mām, to eat (3rd conjug.) → subj. māmja-/māmjā-

Imperfective aspect

The imperfective is a simple form. In the 1^st conjugation the infix -ja/-jā and the personal endings are added to the imperfective verbal root. In the 2^nd and in the 2^rd conjugation the subjunctive thematic vowels (which are diphthongized in their plural forms) and the personal endings are added to the imperfective verbal root:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðijaš	ɟuxīš	ɸaqūš
2nd sing.	ðijam	ɟuxīm	ɸaqūm
3rd sing.	ðijaɣ	ɟuxīɣ	ɸaqūɣ
1st plur.	ðijāža	ɟuxiwža	ɸaqujža
2nd plur.	ðijāku	ɟuxiwku	ɸaqujku
3rd plur.	ðijāç	ɟuxiwç	ɸaqujç

Some verbs may have irregular subjunctive forms. These forms can either be completely irregular, with an entirely different subjunctive root, or display only partial irregularities, like using the 1^st conjugation infix, despite belonging to the 2^nd or the 3^rd conjugation.

Examples:

sū, to be (1st conjug.) → subj. sjaš, sjam, sjaɣ, sjāža, sjāku, sjāç
mām, to eat (3rd conjug.) → subj. māmjaš, māmjam, māmjaɣ, māmjāža, māmjāku, māmjāç

Perfective aspect

The perfective is a simple form. In the 1^st conjugation the infix -ja/-jā and the personal endings are added to the perfective verbal root. In the 2^nd and in the 2^rd conjugation the subjunctive thematic vowels (which are diphthongized in their plural forms) and the personal endings are added to the perfective verbal root:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðījaš	ɟūxīš	ɸāqūš
2nd sing.	ðījam	ɟūxīm	ɸāqūm
3rd sing.	ðījaɣ	ɟūxīɣ	ɸāqūɣ
1st plur.	ðījāža	ɟūxiwža	ɸāqujža
2nd plur.	ðījāku	ɟūxiwku	ɸāqujku
3rd plur.	ðījāç	ɟūxiwç	ɸāqujç

Some verbs may have irregular subjunctive forms. These forms can either be completely irregular, with an entirely different subjunctive root, or display only partial irregularities, like using the 1^st conjugation infix, despite belonging to the 2^nd or the 3^rd conjugation.

Examples:

mām, to eat (3rd conjug.) → subj. mwamjaš, mwamjam, mwamjaɣ, mwamjāža, mwamjāku, mwamjāç

Progressive aspect

The progressive is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active imperfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the subjunctive imperfective forms of the verb sū, to be, as an auxiliary verb:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðirā sjaš	ɟuxirā sjaš	ɸaqurā sjaš
2nd sing.	ðirā sjam	ɟuxirā sjam	ɸaqurā sjam
3rd sing.	ðirā sjaɣ	ɟuxirā sjaɣ	ɸaqurā sjaɣ
1st plur.	ðirā sjāža	ɟuxirā sjāža	ɸaqurā sjāža
2nd plur.	ðirā sjāku	ɟuxirā sjāku	ɸaqurā sjāku
3rd plur.	ðirā sjāç	ɟuxirā sjāç	ɸaqurā sjāç

This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Resultative aspect

The resultative is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active perfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the subjunctive imperfective forms of the verb sū, to be, as an auxiliary verb:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðīrā sjaš	ɟūxirā sjaš	ɸāqurā sjaš
2nd sing.	ðīrā sjam	ɟūxirā sjam	ɸāqurā sjam
3rd sing.	ðīrā sjaɣ	ɟūxirā sjaɣ	ɸāqurā sjaɣ
1st plur.	ðīrā sjāža	ɟūxirā sjāža	ɸāqurā sjāža
2nd plur.	ðīrā sjāku	ɟūxirā sjāku	ɸāqurā sjāku
3rd plur.	ðīrā sjāç	ɟūxirā sjāç	ɸāqurā sjāç

This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Imperative mood

The imperative mood features only a single form, which conveys both singular and plural number, and coincides with the pure verbal root. This mood, conversely, displays an imperfective and a perfective form, built on both verbal roots.

Imperfective aspect

The imperfective is a simple form. It is the same as the pure imperfective verbal root, without any personal ending:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
2nd sing.	ði	ɟux	ɸaq
2nd plur.

It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, as it represent the base underived form of every verb.

Perfective aspect

The perfective is a simple form. It is the same as the pure perfective verbal root, without any personal ending:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
2nd sing.	ðī	ɟūx	ɸāq
2nd plur.

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Participle

The participles are adjectival forms of a verb. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action. There are two participial forms, the active participle, and the passive participle.

The active participle is formed through the ending -rā, while the passive participle through the ending -žu. They both have an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the imperfective root and on the perfective root.

Examples from the verb ɸaq, to see:

	imperfective	perfective
active	ɸaqurā	ɸāqurā
passive	ɸaqužu	ɸāqužu

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.

When used in the verbal conjugation, both participles are deemed as indeclinable forms. In their adjectival role, both participles display a complete adjectival declension. They are also used with the modal verbs.

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in a lesser amount than the active diathesis. These forms are always built through the undeclined forms of the passive participle, with the conjugated form of the auxiliary verb sū, to be which always agrees with the clause subject in number.

The usage of the different moods is exactly the same as the active diathesis, while the usage of the different aspect is essentially different. The passive diathesis displays only the imperfective and the perfective forms, which also play the role respectively of the progressive and resultative aspect.

Indicative mood

Tense	Construction
imperfective	imperfective passive participle + indicative imperfective forms of sū
perfective	perfective passive participle + indicative imperfective forms of sū

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Construction
imperfective	ɟuxižu sūš, ...
perfective	ɟūxižu sūš, ...

Subjunctive mood

Tense	Construction
imperfective	imperfective passive participle + subjunctive imperfective forms of sū
perfective	perfective passive participle + subjunctive imperfective forms of sū

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Construction
imperfective	ɟuxižu sjaš, ...
perfective	ɟūxižu sjaš, ...

Imperative mood

Tense	Construction
imperfective	imperfective passive participle + imperative imperfective forms of sū
perfective	perfective passive participle + imperative imperfective forms of sū

Examples (for each tense only the 2^nd person form is shown):

Tense	Construction
imperfective	ɟuxižu sū, ...
perfective	ɟūxižu sū, ...