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The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.  
The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.  


Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses, in which the object is the linked noun, and the subject is declined in the ''agentive'' case. In the earlier period it is not used in this role.
This participle cannot play the role of a verbal passive form. It can only be used as an adjective and it can be used to build relative clauses.


  henek märɑňi säre
  ǧeneho māruňi sāre
  <small>the woman seen by the man</small>
  <small>the woman seen by the man</small>


As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.

Revision as of 03:45, 26 June 2025

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verb: mārore, to see.

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -ū- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.
mārūm
2nd sing.
mārūt
3rd sing.
mārū
1st plur.
mārūmī
2nd plur.
mārūtī
3rd plur.
mārūvī
pass.
mārūkī
Imperfect tense

The imperfect is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -o- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.
mārom
2nd sing.
mārot
3rd sing.
māro
1st plur.
māromī
2nd plur.
mārotī
3rd plur.
mārovī
pass.
mārokī
Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.
mārum
2nd sing.
mārut
3rd sing.
māru
1st plur.
mārumī
2nd plur.
mārutī
3rd plur.
māruvī
pass.
mārukī
Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -a- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.
māram
2nd sing.
mārat
3rd sing.
māra
1st plur.
māramī
2nd plur.
māratī
3rd plur.
māravī
pass.
mārakī
Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the dependent present infinitive of the conjugated verb, and the indicative present forms of the verb patore, to go, :

1st sing.
mārævore patūm
2nd sing.
mārævore patūt
3rd sing.
mārævore patū
1st plur.
mārævore patūmī
2nd plur.
mārævore patūtī
3rd plur.
mārævore patūvī
pass.
mārævore patūkī
Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the dependent past infinitive of the conjugated verb, and the indicative present forms of the verb patore, to go, :

1st sing.
mārævure patūm
2nd sing.
mārævure patūt
3rd sing.
mārævure patū
1st plur.
mārævure patūmī
2nd plur.
mārævure patūtī
3rd plur.
mārævure patūvī
pass.
mārævure patūkī
Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the dependent present infinitive of the conjugated verb, and the indicative past forms of the verb patore, to go, :

1st sing.
mārævore patum
2nd sing.
mārævore patut
3rd sing.
mārævore patu
1st plur.
mārævore patumī
2nd plur.
mārævore patutī
3rd plur.
mārævore patuvī
pass.
mārævore patukī

Dependent mood

The dependent mood is mostly used in dependent clauses. Its usage in main clauses is limited, usually when a verbal form is introduced by another verb.

In simple tenses, the dependent widely features the infix -æv-, which is placed between the root and the thematic vowels.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -æv-, the thematic vowel -ū- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.
mārævūm
2nd sing.
mārævūt
3rd sing.
mārævū
1st plur.
mārævūmī
2nd plur.
mārævūtī
3rd plur.
mārævūvī
pass.
mārævūkī
Imperfect tense

The imperfect is a simple tense. The infix -æv-, the thematic vowel -o- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.
mārævom
2nd sing.
mārævot
3rd sing.
mārævo
1st plur.
mārævomī
2nd plur.
mārævotī
3rd plur.
mārævovī
pass.
mārævokī
Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The infix -æv-, the thematic vowel -u- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.
mārævum
2nd sing.
mārævut
3rd sing.
mārævu
1st plur.
mārævumī
2nd plur.
mārævutī
3rd plur.
mārævuvī
pass.
mārævukī
Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a simple tense. The infix -æv-, the thematic vowel -a- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.
mārævam
2nd sing.
mārævat
3rd sing.
māræva
1st plur.
mārævamī
2nd plur.
mārævatī
3rd plur.
mārævavī
pass.
mārævakī
Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the dependent present infinitive of the conjugated verb, and the dependent present forms of the verb patore, to go, :

1st sing.
mārævore patævūm
2nd sing.
mārævore patævūt
3rd sing.
mārævore patævū
1st plur.
mārævore patævūmī
2nd plur.
mārævore patævūtī
3rd plur.
mārævore patævūvī
pass.
mārævore patævūkī
Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the dependent past infinitive of the conjugated verb, and the dependent present forms of the verb patore, to go, :

1st sing.
mārævure patævūm
2nd sing.
mārævure patævūt
3rd sing.
mārævure patævū
1st plur.
mārævure patævūmī
2nd plur.
mārævure patævūtī
3rd plur.
mārævure patævūvī
pass.
mārævure patævūkī
Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the dependent present infinitive of the conjugated verb, and the dependent past forms of the verb patore, to go, :

1st sing.
mārævore patævum
2nd sing.
mārævore patævut
3rd sing.
mārævore patævu
1st plur.
mārævore patævumī
2nd plur.
mārævore patævutī
3rd plur.
mārævore patævuvī
pass.
mārævore patævukī

Imperative mood

The imperative mood is used to convey commands and orders. It is mostly used in main clauses.

It displays only one tense, with specific personal endings. It has no forms either for the 1st singular person, or for the 3rd singular and plural person.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -ū- and the imperative personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.
-
2nd sing.
mārūto
3rd sing.
-
1st plur.
mārūmīto
2nd plur.
mārūtīto
3rd plur.
-
pass.
-

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

The infinitive is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -re.

It displays three tenses, present, past, and perfect, formed through the thematic vowels. Each form has a dependent counterpart, formed through the dependent suffix -æv-:

present
past
perfect
indicative
mārore
mārure
mārare
dependent
mārævore
mārævure
mārævare

The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun, whose nominative form is identical to the accusative.

Active participle

The active participle displays three tenses: present, past, and perfect. They are formed through the thematic vowels and the participial suffix -θī. Each form has a dependent counterpart, formed through the dependent suffix -æv-:

present
past
perfect
indicative
māroθīx
māruθīx
māraθīx
dependent
mārævoθīx
mārævuθīx
mārævaθīx

The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.

As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.

Passive participle

The passive participle displays three tenses: present, past, and perfect. They are formed through the thematic vowels and the participial suffix -ňi. Each form has a dependent counterpart, formed through the dependent suffix -æv-:

present
past
perfect
indicative
māroňix
māruňix
māraňix
dependent
mārævoňix
mārævuňix
mārævaňix

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.

This participle cannot play the role of a verbal passive form. It can only be used as an adjective and it can be used to build relative clauses. 

ǧeneho māruňi sāre
the woman seen by the man

As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.

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