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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | | ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== |
| Sample verbs: märose, ''to see'' (1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation), pöħuse, ''to establish'' (2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation), giɕëse, ''to pretend'' (3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation), hëhɑse, ''to happen, to occur'' (4<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation), pɑse, ''to shine'' (5<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation). | | Sample verb: mārore, ''to see''. |
| | |
| Each conjugation features a typical identifying thematic vowel, which, however, do not recur in the different tenses:
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| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 120px;"| ''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation:'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-o-</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-u-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-ë-</center>
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| |-
| |
| | ''4<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-ɑ-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''5<sup><small>th</small></sup> conjugation:'' || <center>-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The fifth conjugation is regarded as inherently irregular and features no typical thematic vowel. All verbs belonging to this conjugation are irregularly conjugated. The following example for this conjugation is only for illustrative purpose and cannot be taken as a proper conjugation template.
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| ====Indicative mood==== | | ====Indicative mood==== |
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| =====Present tense===== | | =====Present tense===== |
| The '''present''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes: | | The '''present''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -ū- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots: |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> | | | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mārūm</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>-y-</center> || <center>-y-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārūt</center> |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārū</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märüm</center> || <center>pöħüm</center> || <center>giɕym</center> || <center>hëhym</center> || <center>pöm</center> | | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārūmī</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märüd</center> || <center>pöħüd</center> || <center>giɕyd</center> || <center>hëhyd</center> || <center>pöd</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārūtī</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märüg</center> || <center>pöħüg</center> || <center>giɕyg</center> || <center>hëhyg</center> || <center>pög</center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārūvī</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märümy</center> || <center>pöħümy</center> || <center>giɕymy</center> || <center>hëhymy</center> || <center>pömy</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märüdy</center> || <center>pöħüdy</center> || <center>giɕydy</center> || <center>hëhydy</center> || <center>pödy</center> | | | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārūkī</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märügy</center> || <center>pöħügy</center> || <center>giɕygy</center> || <center>hëhygy</center> || <center>pögy</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
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| =====Imperfect tense===== | | =====Imperfect tense===== |
| The '''imperfect''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes: | | The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -o- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots: |
|
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|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> | | | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mārom</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | || <center>-o-</center> || <center>-o-</center> || <center>-ë-</center> || <center>-ɑ-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārot</center> |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māro</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märom</center> || <center>pöħom</center> || <center>giɕëm</center> || <center>hëhɑm</center> || <center>pɑm</center> | | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māromī</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märod</center> || <center>pöħod</center> || <center>giɕëd</center> || <center>hëhɑd</center> || <center>pɑd</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārotī</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märog</center> || <center>pöħog</center> || <center>giɕëg</center> || <center>hëhɑg</center> || <center>pɑg</center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārovī</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märomy</center> || <center>pöħomy</center> || <center>giɕëmy</center> || <center>hëhɑmy</center> || <center>pɑmy</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märody</center> || <center>pöħody</center> || <center>giɕëdy</center> || <center>hëhɑdy</center> || <center>pɑdy</center> | | | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārokī</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märogy</center> || <center>pöħogy</center> || <center>giɕëgy</center> || <center>hëhɑgy</center> || <center>pɑgy</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
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|
| =====Past tense===== | | =====Past tense===== |
| The '''past''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes: | | The '''past''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots: |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> | | | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mārum</center> |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-ɑ-</center> || <center>-ë-</center> || <center>-ä-</center> || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārut</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑm</center> || <center>pöħëm</center> || <center>giɕäm</center> || <center>hëhüm</center> || <center>pam</center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māru</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑd</center> || <center>pöħëd</center> || <center>giɕäd</center> || <center>hëhüd</center> || <center>pad</center> | | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārumī</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑg</center> || <center>pöħëg</center> || <center>giɕäg</center> || <center>hëhüg</center> || <center>pag</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mārutī</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑmy</center> || <center>pöħëmy</center> || <center>giɕämy</center> || <center>hëhümy</center> || <center>pamy</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑdy</center> || <center>pöħëdy</center> || <center>giɕädy</center> || <center>hëhüdy</center> || <center>pady</center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māruvī</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑgy</center> || <center>pöħëgy</center> || <center>giɕägy</center> || <center>hëhügy</center> || <center>pagy</center> | | | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārukī</center> |
| |} | | |} |
|
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|
| =====Pluperfect tense===== | | =====Pluperfect tense===== |
| The '''pluperfect''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes: | | The '''pluperfect''' is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -a- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots: |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> | | | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>māram</center> |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>-ë-</center> || <center>-y-</center> || <center>-ö-</center> || <center>-ë-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mārat</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märëm</center> || <center>pöħym</center> || <center>giɕöm</center> || <center>hëhëm</center> || <center>pom</center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māra</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märëd</center> || <center>pöħyd</center> || <center>giɕöd</center> || <center>hëhëd</center> || <center>pod</center> | | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māramī</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märëg</center> || <center>pöħyg</center> || <center>giɕög</center> || <center>hëhëg</center> || <center>pog</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māratī</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märëmy</center> || <center>pöħymy</center> || <center>giɕömy</center> || <center>hëhëmy</center> || <center>pomy</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märëdy</center> || <center>pöħydy</center> || <center>giɕödy</center> || <center>hëhëdy</center> || <center>pody</center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māravī</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märëgy</center> || <center>pöħygy</center> || <center>giɕögy</center> || <center>hëhëgy</center> || <center>pogy</center> | | | ''<small>pass.</small>'' || <center>mārakī</center> |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
Conjugation of regular verbs
Sample verb: mārore, to see.
Indicative mood
Present tense
The present is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -ū- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| 1st sing. |
mārūm
|
| 2nd sing. |
mārūt
|
| 3rd sing. |
mārū
|
| 1st plur. |
mārūmī
|
| 2nd plur. |
mārūtī
|
| 3rd plur. |
mārūvī
|
| pass. |
mārūkī
|
Imperfect tense
The imperfect is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -o- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| 1st sing. |
mārom
|
| 2nd sing. |
mārot
|
| 3rd sing. |
māro
|
| 1st plur. |
māromī
|
| 2nd plur. |
mārotī
|
| 3rd plur. |
mārovī
|
| pass. |
mārokī
|
Past tense
The past is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| 1st sing. |
mārum
|
| 2nd sing. |
mārut
|
| 3rd sing. |
māru
|
| 1st plur. |
mārumī
|
| 2nd plur. |
mārutī
|
| 3rd plur. |
māruvī
|
| pass. |
mārukī
|
Pluperfect tense
The pluperfect is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -a- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| 1st sing. |
māram
|
| 2nd sing. |
mārat
|
| 3rd sing. |
māra
|
| 1st plur. |
māramī
|
| 2nd plur. |
māratī
|
| 3rd plur. |
māravī
|
| pass. |
mārakī
|
Future tense
The future tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
|
-u- |
-u- |
-u- |
-u- |
(various)
|
The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
| 1st sing. |
märum |
pöħum |
giɕum |
hëhum |
pum
|
| 2nd sing. |
märud |
pöħud |
giɕud |
hëhud |
pud
|
| 3rd sing. |
märug |
pöħug |
giɕug |
hëhug |
pug
|
| 1st plur. |
märumy |
pöħumy |
giɕumy |
hëhumy |
pumy
|
| 2nd plur. |
märudy |
pöħudy |
giɕudy |
hëhudy |
pudy
|
| 3rd plur. |
märugy |
pöħugy |
giɕugy |
hëhugy |
pugy
|
Anterior future tense
The anterior future tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes (being these the same as the suffixes of the pluperfect tense with an additional -w-):
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
|
-ëw- |
-yw- |
-öw- |
-ëw- |
-(various)w-
|
The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
| 1st sing. |
märëwm |
pöħywm |
giɕöwm |
hëhëwm |
powm
|
| 2nd sing. |
märëwd |
pöħywd |
giɕöwd |
hëhëwd |
powd
|
| 3rd sing. |
märëwg |
pöħywg |
giɕöwg |
hëhëwg |
powg
|
| 1st plur. |
märëwmy |
pöħywmy |
giɕöwmy |
hëhëwmy |
powmy
|
| 2nd plur. |
märëwdy |
pöħywdy |
giɕöwdy |
hëhëwdy |
powdy
|
| 3rd plur. |
märëwgy |
pöħywgy |
giɕöwgy |
hëhëwgy |
powgy
|
Future in the past tense
The future in the past tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes (being these the same as the suffixes of the past tense with an additional -w-):
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
|
-ɑw- |
-ëw- |
-äw- |
-üw- |
-(various)w-
|
The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
| 1st sing. |
märɑwm |
pöħëwm |
giɕäwm |
hëhüwm |
pawm
|
| 2nd sing. |
märɑwd |
pöħëwd |
giɕäwd |
hëhüwd |
pawd
|
| 3rd sing. |
märɑwg |
pöħëwg |
giɕäwg |
hëhüwg |
pawg
|
| 1st plur. |
märɑwmy |
pöħëwmy |
giɕäwmy |
hëhüwmy |
pawmy
|
| 2nd plur. |
märɑwdy |
pöħëwdy |
giɕäwdy |
hëhüwdy |
pawdy
|
| 3rd plur. |
märɑwgy |
pöħëwgy |
giɕäwgy |
hëhüwgy |
pawgy
|
Non-finite forms
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Infinitive
The infinitive features the following vocalic suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
|
-o- |
-ü- |
-ë- |
-ɑ- |
(various)
|
The infinitival ending is added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
|
märose |
pöħuse |
giɕëse |
hëhɑse |
pɑse
|
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun.
Active participle
The active participle displays four tenses: present, imperfect, past, and future. They are built by adding the participial suffix -ty to the typical vocalic suffix of each tense:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
| present |
märüty |
pöħüty |
giɕyty |
hëhyty |
pöty
|
| imperfect |
märoty |
pöħoty |
giɕëty |
hëhɑty |
pɑty
|
| past |
märɑty |
pöħëty |
giɕäty |
hëhüty |
paty
|
| future |
märuty |
pöħuty |
giɕuty |
hëhuty |
puty
|
The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
Passive participle
The passive participle displays four tenses: present, imperfect, past, and future. They are built by adding the participial suffix -ňi to the typical vocalic suffix of each tense:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
| present |
märüňi |
pöħüňi |
giɕyňi |
hëhyňi |
pöňi
|
| imperfect |
märoňi |
pöħoňi |
giɕëňi |
hëhɑňi |
pɑňi
|
| past |
märɑňi |
pöħëňi |
giɕäňi |
hëhüňi |
paňi
|
| future |
märuňi |
pöħuňi |
giɕuňi |
hëhuňi |
puňi
|
The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses, in which the object is the linked noun, and the subject is declined in the agentive case. In the earlier period it is not used in this role.
henek märɑňi säre
the woman seen by the man
As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
