|
|
| Line 107: |
Line 107: |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑgy</center> || <center>pöħëgy</center> || <center>giɕägy</center> || <center>hëhügy</center> || <center>pagy</center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑgy</center> || <center>pöħëgy</center> || <center>giɕägy</center> || <center>hëhügy</center> || <center>pagy</center> |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
| ====Subjunctive mood====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructions. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.
| |
|
| |
| The subjunctive widely features the infix -iəɳ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective present</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekiəɳ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>māḱekiəɳon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective present/future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākiəɳ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākiəɳon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective past</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳer</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākiəɳ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākiəɳon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳol māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳol ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳer māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳer ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳiəɳ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳolon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳolon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳeron māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳeron ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́on māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́on ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳiəɳon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| The subjunctive forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Conditional mood==== | | ====Conditional mood==== |
Conjugation of regular verbs
Sample verbs: märose, to see (1st conjugation), pöħuse, to establish (2nd conjugation), giɕëse, to pretend (3rd conjugation), hëhɑse, to happen, to occur (4th conjugation), pɑse, to shine (5th conjugation).
Each conjugation features a typical identifying thematic vowel, which, however, do not recur in the different tenses:
| 1st conjugation: |
-o-
|
| 2nd conjugation: |
-u-
|
| 3rd conjugation: |
-ë-
|
| 4th conjugation: |
-ɑ-
|
| 5th conjugation: |
-
|
The fifth conjugation is regarded as inherently irregular and features no typical thematic vowel. All verbs belonging to this conjugation are irregularly conjugated. The following example for this conjugation is only for illustrative purpose and cannot be taken as a proper conjugation template.
Indicative mood
Present tense
The present tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
|
-ü- |
-ü- |
-y- |
-y- |
(various)
|
The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
| 1st sing. |
märüm |
pöħüm |
giɕym |
hëhym |
pöm
|
| 2nd sing. |
märüd |
pöħüd |
giɕyd |
hëhyd |
pöd
|
| 3rd sing. |
märüg |
pöħüg |
giɕyg |
hëhyg |
pög
|
| 1st plur. |
märümy |
pöħümy |
giɕymy |
hëhymy |
pömy
|
| 2nd plur. |
märüdy |
pöħüdy |
giɕydy |
hëhydy |
pödy
|
| 3rd plur. |
märügy |
pöħügy |
giɕygy |
hëhygy |
pögy
|
Imperfect tense
The imperfect tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
|
-o- |
-o- |
-ë- |
-ɑ- |
(various)
|
The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
| 1st sing. |
märom |
pöħom |
giɕëm |
hëhɑm |
pɑm
|
| 2nd sing. |
märod |
pöħod |
giɕëd |
hëhɑd |
pɑd
|
| 3rd sing. |
märog |
pöħog |
giɕëg |
hëhɑg |
pɑg
|
| 1st plur. |
märomy |
pöħomy |
giɕëmy |
hëhɑmy |
pɑmy
|
| 2nd plur. |
märody |
pöħody |
giɕëdy |
hëhɑdy |
pɑdy
|
| 3rd plur. |
märogy |
pöħogy |
giɕëgy |
hëhɑgy |
pɑgy
|
Past tense
The past tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
|
-ɑ- |
-ë- |
-ä- |
-ü- |
(various)
|
The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
| 1st sing. |
märɑm |
pöħëm |
giɕäm |
hëhüm |
pam
|
| 2nd sing. |
märɑd |
pöħëd |
giɕäd |
hëhüd |
pad
|
| 3rd sing. |
märɑg |
pöħëg |
giɕäg |
hëhüg |
pag
|
| 1st plur. |
märɑmy |
pöħëmy |
giɕämy |
hëhümy |
pamy
|
| 2nd plur. |
märɑdy |
pöħëdy |
giɕädy |
hëhüdy |
pady
|
| 3rd plur. |
märɑgy |
pöħëgy |
giɕägy |
hëhügy |
pagy
|
Conditional mood
The conditional mood is used to convey wish, desire and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
The subjunctive widely features the infix -oṕ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.
|
imperfective present
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| 1st sing. |
māḱekoṕol |
ʂetenoṕol
|
| 2nd sing. |
māḱekoṕer |
ʂetenoṕer
|
| 3rd sing. |
māḱekoṕət́ |
ʂetenoṕət́
|
| māḱekoṕ |
ʂetenoṕ
|
| 1st plur. |
māḱekoṕolon |
ʂetenoṕolon
|
| 2nd plur. |
māḱekoṕeron |
ʂetenoṕeron
|
| 3rd plur. |
māḱekoṕət́on |
ʂetenoṕət́on
|
| māḱekoṕon |
ʂetenoṕon
|
|
perfective present/future
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| 1st sing. |
meḱākoṕol |
ʂeteniəkoṕol
|
| 2nd sing. |
meḱākoṕer |
ʂeteniəkoṕer
|
| 3rd sing. |
meḱākoṕət́ |
ʂeteniəkoṕət́
|
| meḱākoṕ |
ʂeteniəkoṕ
|
| 1st plur. |
meḱākoṕolon |
ʂeteniəkoṕolon
|
| 2nd plur. |
meḱākoṕeron |
ʂeteniəkoṕeron
|
| 3rd plur. |
meḱākoṕət́on |
ʂeteniəkoṕət́on
|
| meḱākoṕon |
ʂeteniəkoṕon
|
|
imperfective past
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| 1st sing. |
ʔamāḱekoṕol |
ʔaʂetenoṕol
|
| 2nd sing. |
ʔamāḱekoṕer |
ʔaʂetenoṕer
|
| 3rd sing. |
ʔamāḱekoṕət́ |
ʔaʂetenoṕət́
|
| ʔamāḱekoṕ |
ʔaʂetenoṕ
|
| 1st plur. |
ʔamāḱekoṕolon |
ʔaʂetenoṕolon
|
| 2nd plur. |
ʔamāḱekoṕeron |
ʔaʂetenoṕeron
|
| 3rd plur. |
ʔamāḱekoṕət́on |
ʔaʂetenoṕət́on
|
| ʔamāḱekoṕon |
ʔaʂetenoṕon
|
|
perfective past
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| 1st sing. |
ʔameḱākoṕol |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕol
|
| 2nd sing. |
ʔameḱākoṕer |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕer
|
| 3rd sing. |
ʔameḱākoṕət́ |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕət́
|
| ʔameḱākoṕ |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕ
|
| 1st plur. |
ʔameḱākoṕolon |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕolon
|
| 2nd plur. |
ʔameḱākoṕeron |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕeron
|
| 3rd plur. |
ʔameḱākoṕət́on |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕət́on
|
| ʔameḱākoṕon |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕon
|
|
imperfective future
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| 1st sing. |
ʔəɳoṕol māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕol ʂetenəme
|
| 2nd sing. |
ʔəɳoṕer māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕer ʂetenəme
|
| 3rd sing. |
ʔəɳoṕət́ māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕət́ ʂetenəme
|
| ʔəɳoṕ māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕ ʂetenəme
|
| 1st plur. |
ʔəɳoṕolon māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕolon ʂetenəme
|
| 2nd plur. |
ʔəɳoṕeron māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕeron ʂetenəme
|
| 3rd plur. |
ʔəɳoṕət́on māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕət́on ʂetenəme
|
| ʔəɳoṕon māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕon ʂetenəme
|
The conditional forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.
Non-finite forms
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Infinitive
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -əme. It distinguishes four forms
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| imperfective present |
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| imperfective past |
ʔamāḱekəme |
ʔaʂetenəme
|
| perfective present |
meḱākəme |
ʂeteniəkəme
|
| perfective past |
ʔameḱākəme |
ʔaʂeteniəkəme
|
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun.
Participle
There are two participial forms, the active participle and the passive participle. As they are adjectival forms, they are both declined as such, while also displaying four forms, differing in aspect and tense.
The active participle is formed through the ending -īto, while the passive participle through the ending -əwkiə:
|
active participle
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| imperfective present |
māḱekīto |
ʂetenīto
|
| imperfective past |
ʔamāḱekīto |
ʔaʂetenīto
|
| perfective present |
meḱākīto |
ʂeteniəkīto
|
| perfective past |
ʔameḱākīto |
ʔaʂeteniəkīto
|
|
passive participle
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| imperfective present |
māḱekəwkiə |
ʂetenəwkiə
|
| imperfective past |
ʔamāḱekəwkiə |
ʔaʂetenəwkiə
|
| perfective present |
meḱākəwkiə |
ʂeteniəkəwkiə
|
| perfective past |
ʔameḱākəwkiə |
ʔaʂeteniəkəwkiə
|
The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun
The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
Both participial forms are widely used in relative clauses building.
