User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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The subjunctive forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.
The subjunctive forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.


=====Potential mood=====
====Conditional mood====
The '''potential''' mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
The '''conditional''' mood is used to convey wish, desire and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.


The potential widely features the infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix displays two possible forms, -jɛts- or -<sup><small>j</small></sup>ɛts-. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect.
The subjunctive widely features the infix -iəɳ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.
 
djumɛliwgɛ → djumɛʝɛtsū
<small>to drink → I might drink</small>
 
lilužiwgɛ → līlužɛtsū
<small>to see → I might see</small>
 
======Imperfective present tense======
The '''imperfective present''' is a simple tense. The infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective present</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsū</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsir</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳol</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛts</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳer</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwhū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwhū</center>
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳət́</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwňiwhir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwhir</center>
| <center>māḱekiəɳ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳ</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwh</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳolon</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsü</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsü</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳeron</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsür</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsür</center>
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>māḱekiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳət́on</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsünjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsün</center>
| <center>māḱekiəɳon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəɳon</center>
|}
|}
The potential infix merges with the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class I, turning into -jɛcɛc. The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.
======Perfective future tense======
The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective present/future</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsū</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsir</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳol</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛcɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛts</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳer</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳer</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsiwhū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwhū</center>
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳət́</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsiwňiwhir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwhir</center>
| <center>meḱākiəɳ</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳ</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsiwcɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwh</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳolon</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsü</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsü</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳeron</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsür</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsür</center>
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳət́on</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsünjɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsün</center>
| <center>meḱākiəɳon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkiəɳon</center>
|}
|}
The potential infix merges with the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class I, turning into -jɛcɛc. The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.
======Imperfective future tense======
The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. The potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts-, the infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective past</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçū</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçir</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳol</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwčɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwç</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳer</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwhū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwhū</center>
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳət́</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwhir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwhir</center>
| <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳ</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwh</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳolon</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçü</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçü</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳeron</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçür</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçür</center>
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳət́on</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçünjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçün</center>
| <center>ʔamāḱekiəɳon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəɳon</center>
|}
|}
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> singular person ending.
======Imperfective past tense======
The '''imperfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the suffix -īdu are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective past</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳol</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳer</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳer</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw</center>
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw</center>
| <center>ʔameḱākiəɳ</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳ</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳolon</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳeron</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū</center>
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākiəɳət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́on</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū</center>
| <center>ʔameḱākiəɳon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳon</center>
|}
|}
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
======Perfective past tense======
The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). TThe potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the suffix -īdu are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class I</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>class II</small>''</center>
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective future</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳol māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳol ʂetenəme</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳer māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳer ʂetenəme</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw</center>
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́ ʂetenəme</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw</center>
| <center>ʔəɳiəɳ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳ ʂetenəme</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳolon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳolon ʂetenəme</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳeron māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳeron ʂetenəme</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū</center>
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́on māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳət́on ʂetenəme</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū</center>
| <center>ʔəɳiəɳon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳiəɳon ʂetenəme</center>
|}
|}


As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
The subjunctive forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.


The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
====Non-finite forms====
 
=====Non-finite forms=====
The non-finite verbal forms are:
The non-finite verbal forms are:


======Infinitive======
=====Infinitive=====
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''. It is marked by the ending -iwgɛ.
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''. It is marked by the ending -iwgɛ.


Line 435: Line 404:
  <small>to sleep</small>
  <small>to sleep</small>


======Participle======
=====Participle=====
The participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It has a passive meaning and it is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is, thus, usually not used with intransitive verbs (<small>with some of which it may take an impersonal value</small>). In verbal conjugation, it agrees with the subject in number, while it agrees also in case with its adjoining noun, displaying thus a complete declension, in its adjectival role.
The participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It has a passive meaning and it is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is, thus, usually not used with intransitive verbs (<small>with some of which it may take an impersonal value</small>). In verbal conjugation, it agrees with the subject in number, while it agrees also in case with its adjoining noun, displaying thus a complete declension, in its adjectival role.


Line 457: Line 426:
|-
|-
|}
|}
====Passive diathesis and impersonal form====
The ''passive diathesis'' displays a far lesser amount of forms than the active diathesis. It is formed with the participle, which distinguished only the verbal aspect and the number of the clause subject.
*The ''imperfective'' form of the participle is used to convey an ongoing action, mainly in the present or in the future.
*The ''perfective'' form of the participle is used to convey a completed and finished action, mainly in the past.
Examples:
šūnju šiwšɛčuɣiw
<small>the field is/will be cultivated</small>
šūnjū šɛšiwɛčuɣü
<small>the fields were cultivated</small>
Intransitive verbs do not have a proper passive diathesis, but they may have a participial form. This form is used with an ''impersonal'' value, instead of a passive one.
xiṡɛɣjuɣiw
<small>one falls, people fall</small>
The impersonal form is mostly used in the singular number, but it may be found also in the plural, with a kind of collective meaning.

Revision as of 02:48, 25 June 2025

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verbs: māḱekəme, to close, to shut, featuring the regular introflexive process of vowel switching between the root, and ʂetenəme, to write, featuring the -iək- expansion in the perfective root.

(All verbs forming their perfective root with the -iək- infix are regarded as irregular. They, however, follow the regular conjugation patters of regular verbs, besides the irregular perfective formation)

Indicative mood

Imperfective present tense

The imperfective present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

māḱekəme
ʂetenəme
1st sing.
māḱekol
ʂetenol
2nd sing.
māḱeker
ʂetener
3rd sing.
māḱekət́
ʂetenət́
māḱek
ʂeten
1st plur.
māḱekolon
ʂetenolon
2nd plur.
māḱekeron
ʂeteneron
3rd plur.
māḱekət́on
ʂetenət́on
māḱekon
ʂetenon

The imperfective present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.

Perfective present/future tense

The perfective present/future is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the perfective root:

māḱekəme
ʂetenəme
1st sing.
meḱākol
ʂeteniəkol
2nd sing.
meḱāker
ʂeteniəker
3rd sing.
meḱākət́
ʂeteniəkət́
meḱāk
ʂeteniək
1st plur.
meḱākolon
ʂeteniəkolon
2nd plur.
meḱākeron
ʂeteniəkeron
3rd plur.
meḱākət́on
ʂeteniəkət́on
meḱākon
ʂeteniəkon

The perfective present/future tense conveys completed actions or states, mostly in the future, but also in the immediate present, especially in dependent clauses.

Imperfective past tense

The imperfective past is a simple tense. The augment and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

māḱekəme
ʂetenəme
1st sing.
ʔamāḱekol
ʔaʂetenol
2nd sing.
ʔamāḱeker
ʔaʂetener
3rd sing.
ʔamāḱekət́
ʔaʂetenət́
ʔamāḱek
ʔaʂeten
1st plur.
ʔamāḱekolon
ʔaʂetenolon
2nd plur.
ʔamāḱekeron
ʔaʂeteneron
3rd plur.
ʔamāḱekət́on
ʔaʂetenət́on
ʔamāḱekon
ʔaʂetenon

The imperfective past tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.

Perfective past tense

The perfective past is a simple tense. The augment and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:

māḱekəme
ʂetenəme
1st sing.
ʔameḱākol
ʔaʂeteniəkol
2nd sing.
ʔameḱāker
ʔaʂeteniəker
3rd sing.
ʔameḱākət́
ʔaʂeteniəkət́
ʔameḱāk
ʔaʂeteniək
1st plur.
ʔameḱākolon
ʔaʂeteniəkolon
2nd plur.
ʔameḱākeron
ʔaʂeteniəkeron
3rd plur.
ʔameḱākət́on
ʔaʂeteniəkət́on
ʔameḱākon
ʔaʂeteniəkon

The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.

Imperfective future tense

The imperfective future is the only compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb ʔəɳəme, to be, with the imperfective present infinitive form of the conjugated verb, placed at the end of the clause:

māḱekəme
ʂetenəme
1st sing.
ʔəɳol māḱekəme
ʔəɳol ʂetenəme
2nd sing.
ʔəɳer māḱekəme
ʔəɳer ʂetenəme
3rd sing.
ʔəɳət́ māḱekəme
ʔəɳət́ ʂetenəme
ʔəɳ māḱekəme
ʔəɳ ʂetenəme
1st plur.
ʔəɳolon māḱekəme
ʔəɳolon ʂetenəme
2nd plur.
ʔəɳeron māḱekəme
ʔəɳeron ʂetenəme
3rd plur.
ʔəɳət́on māḱekəme
ʔəɳət́on ʂetenəme
ʔəɳon māḱekəme
ʔəɳon ʂetenəme

The verb ʔəɳəme, in its non-auxiliary function, does not usually display any long form in the 3rd singular person. As an auxiliary it may build the long form according to its adjoining verb.

The imperfective future tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the future.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructions. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.

The subjunctive widely features the infix -iəɳ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.

imperfective present
māḱekəme
ʂetenəme
1st sing.
māḱekiəɳol
ʂeteniəɳol
2nd sing.
māḱekiəɳer
ʂeteniəɳer
3rd sing.
māḱekiəɳət́
ʂeteniəɳət́
māḱekiəɳ
ʂeteniəɳ
1st plur.
māḱekiəɳolon
ʂeteniəɳolon
2nd plur.
māḱekiəɳeron
ʂeteniəɳeron
3rd plur.
māḱekiəɳət́on
ʂeteniəɳət́on
māḱekiəɳon
ʂeteniəɳon
perfective present/future
māḱekəme
ʂetenəme
1st sing.
meḱākiəɳol
ʂeteniəkiəɳol
2nd sing.
meḱākiəɳer
ʂeteniəkiəɳer
3rd sing.
meḱākiəɳət́
ʂeteniəkiəɳət́
meḱākiəɳ
ʂeteniəkiəɳ
1st plur.
meḱākiəɳolon
ʂeteniəkiəɳolon
2nd plur.
meḱākiəɳeron
ʂeteniəkiəɳeron
3rd plur.
meḱākiəɳət́on
ʂeteniəkiəɳət́on
meḱākiəɳon
ʂeteniəkiəɳon
imperfective past
māḱekəme
ʂetenəme
1st sing.
ʔamāḱekiəɳol
ʔaʂeteniəɳol
2nd sing.
ʔamāḱekiəɳer
ʔaʂeteniəɳer
3rd sing.
ʔamāḱekiəɳət́
ʔaʂeteniəɳət́
ʔamāḱekiəɳ
ʔaʂeteniəɳ
1st plur.
ʔamāḱekiəɳolon
ʔaʂeteniəɳolon
2nd plur.
ʔamāḱekiəɳeron
ʔaʂeteniəɳeron
3rd plur.
ʔamāḱekiəɳət́on
ʔaʂeteniəɳət́on
ʔamāḱekiəɳon
ʔaʂeteniəɳon
perfective past
māḱekəme
ʂetenəme
1st sing.
ʔameḱākiəɳol
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳol
2nd sing.
ʔameḱākiəɳer
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳer
3rd sing.
ʔameḱākiəɳət́
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́
ʔameḱākiəɳ
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳ
1st plur.
ʔameḱākiəɳolon
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳolon
2nd plur.
ʔameḱākiəɳeron
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳeron
3rd plur.
ʔameḱākiəɳət́on
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́on
ʔameḱākiəɳon
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳon
imperfective future
māḱekəme
ʂetenəme
1st sing.
ʔəɳiəɳol māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳol ʂetenəme
2nd sing.
ʔəɳiəɳer māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳer ʂetenəme
3rd sing.
ʔəɳiəɳət́ māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳət́ ʂetenəme
ʔəɳiəɳ māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳ ʂetenəme
1st plur.
ʔəɳiəɳolon māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳolon ʂetenəme
2nd plur.
ʔəɳiəɳeron māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳeron ʂetenəme
3rd plur.
ʔəɳiəɳət́on māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳət́on ʂetenəme
ʔəɳiəɳon māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳon ʂetenəme

The subjunctive forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.

Conditional mood

The conditional mood is used to convey wish, desire and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.

The subjunctive widely features the infix -iəɳ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.

imperfective present
māḱekəme
ʂetenəme
1st sing.
māḱekiəɳol
ʂeteniəɳol
2nd sing.
māḱekiəɳer
ʂeteniəɳer
3rd sing.
māḱekiəɳət́
ʂeteniəɳət́
māḱekiəɳ
ʂeteniəɳ
1st plur.
māḱekiəɳolon
ʂeteniəɳolon
2nd plur.
māḱekiəɳeron
ʂeteniəɳeron
3rd plur.
māḱekiəɳət́on
ʂeteniəɳət́on
māḱekiəɳon
ʂeteniəɳon
perfective present/future
māḱekəme
ʂetenəme
1st sing.
meḱākiəɳol
ʂeteniəkiəɳol
2nd sing.
meḱākiəɳer
ʂeteniəkiəɳer
3rd sing.
meḱākiəɳət́
ʂeteniəkiəɳət́
meḱākiəɳ
ʂeteniəkiəɳ
1st plur.
meḱākiəɳolon
ʂeteniəkiəɳolon
2nd plur.
meḱākiəɳeron
ʂeteniəkiəɳeron
3rd plur.
meḱākiəɳət́on
ʂeteniəkiəɳət́on
meḱākiəɳon
ʂeteniəkiəɳon
imperfective past
māḱekəme
ʂetenəme
1st sing.
ʔamāḱekiəɳol
ʔaʂeteniəɳol
2nd sing.
ʔamāḱekiəɳer
ʔaʂeteniəɳer
3rd sing.
ʔamāḱekiəɳət́
ʔaʂeteniəɳət́
ʔamāḱekiəɳ
ʔaʂeteniəɳ
1st plur.
ʔamāḱekiəɳolon
ʔaʂeteniəɳolon
2nd plur.
ʔamāḱekiəɳeron
ʔaʂeteniəɳeron
3rd plur.
ʔamāḱekiəɳət́on
ʔaʂeteniəɳət́on
ʔamāḱekiəɳon
ʔaʂeteniəɳon
perfective past
māḱekəme
ʂetenəme
1st sing.
ʔameḱākiəɳol
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳol
2nd sing.
ʔameḱākiəɳer
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳer
3rd sing.
ʔameḱākiəɳət́
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́
ʔameḱākiəɳ
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳ
1st plur.
ʔameḱākiəɳolon
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳolon
2nd plur.
ʔameḱākiəɳeron
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳeron
3rd plur.
ʔameḱākiəɳət́on
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́on
ʔameḱākiəɳon
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳon
imperfective future
māḱekəme
ʂetenəme
1st sing.
ʔəɳiəɳol māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳol ʂetenəme
2nd sing.
ʔəɳiəɳer māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳer ʂetenəme
3rd sing.
ʔəɳiəɳət́ māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳət́ ʂetenəme
ʔəɳiəɳ māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳ ʂetenəme
1st plur.
ʔəɳiəɳolon māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳolon ʂetenəme
2nd plur.
ʔəɳiəɳeron māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳeron ʂetenəme
3rd plur.
ʔəɳiəɳət́on māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳət́on ʂetenəme
ʔəɳiəɳon māḱekəme
ʔəɳiəɳon ʂetenəme

The subjunctive forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the imperfective root and on the perfective root. It is marked by the ending -iwgɛ.

class I
class II
imperfective
mōtsɛdiwgɛ
xiṡɛɣiwgɛ
perfective
mɛtsōdiwgɛ
xɛṡiɣiwgɛ

The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined only in the singular number. It can also be introduced by a preposition. Its basic form is regarded as the direct case.

There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular infinitive forms, where the infinitve ending merges with the root or is slightly altered. 

čilügɛ
to sleep
Participle

The participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It has a passive meaning and it is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is, thus, usually not used with intransitive verbs (with some of which it may take an impersonal value). In verbal conjugation, it agrees with the subject in number, while it agrees also in case with its adjoining noun, displaying thus a complete declension, in its adjectival role.

It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the imperfective root and on the perfective root. It widely features the infix -juɣi/-́uɣi, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix displays two possible forms, -juɣi or -juɣi-. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect. 

djumɛliwgɛ → djumɛʝuɣiw
to drink → drunk

lilužiwgɛ → līlužuɣiw
to see → seen

Examples:

class I
class II
imperfective
mōtsɛdjuɣiw
xiṡɛɣjuɣiw
perfective
mɛtsōdjuɣiw
xɛṡiɣjuɣiw
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