User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 09:38, 23 June 2025

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verbs: as a class I verb, moɕädühä, to pick up, to collect, as a class II verb, xixehühä, to fall, as a class IIg verb, pürücühä, to hit

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the present root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	moɕädü	xixehü	pürücü
2^nd sing.	moɕädir	xixehir	pürücir
3^rd sing.	moɕäd́äh	xixeg	pürüc
1^st plur.	moɕädunü	xixehunü	pürücunü
2^nd plur.	moɕädunir	xixehunir	pürücunir
3^rd plur.	moɕäduńäh	xixehun	pürücun

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the ending -́äh or null ending, irregularities may often occur.

The ending -́äh always causes palatalization of the preceding consonant, if this consonant has a palatalized counterpart.

rīrusühä → rīruśäh
to see → he/she/it sees

If the involved consonant does not have any palatalized counterparts, the ending is added to the root without any further palatalizing effect.

The null ending causes less often irregularities, like altering the last root consonant:

ṕőrühä → ṕőw
to fly→ he/she/it flies

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the past root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	mäɕodü	xexihü	pürücigü
2^nd sing.	mäɕodir	xexihir	pürücigir
3^rd sing.	mäɕod́äh	xexig	pürücig
1^st plur.	mäɕodunü	xexihunü	pürücigunü
2^nd plur.	mäɕodunir	xexihunir	pürücigunir
3^rd plur.	mäɕoduńäh	xexihun	pürücigun

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the ending -́äh or null ending, irregularities may often occur.

The ending -́äh always causes palatalization of the preceding consonant, if this consonant has a palatalized counterpart.

rīrusühä → rurīśäh
to see → he/she/it saw

If the involved consonant does not have any palatalized counterparts, the ending is added to the root without any further palatalizing effect.

The null ending causes less often irregularities, like altering the last root consonant:

ṕőrühä → ṕöw
to fly→ he/she/it flew

In the class IIg irregularities never occur in the past tense.

Present continuous tense

The present countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänü moɕädīdə	cänü xixehīdə	cänü pürücīdə
2^nd sing.	cänir moɕädīdə	cänir xixehīdə	cänir pürücīdə
3^rd sing.	cän moɕädīdə	cän xixehīdə	cän pürücīdə
1^st plur.	cänunü moɕädīdənə	cänunü xixehīdənə	cänunü pürücīdənə
2^nd plur.	cänunir moɕädīdənə	cänunir xixehīdənə	cänunir pürücīdənə
3^rd plur.	cänun moɕädīdənə	cänun xixehīdənə	cänun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Past continuous tense

The past countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcänü moɕädīdə	häcänü xixehīdə	häcänü pürücīdə
2^nd sing.	häcänir moɕädīdə	häcänir xixehīdə	häcänir pürücīdə
3^rd sing.	häcän moɕädīdə	häcän xixehīdə	häcän pürücīdə
1^st plur.	häcänunü moɕädīdənə	häcänunü xixehīdənə	häcänunü pürücīdənə
2^nd plur.	häcänunir moɕädīdənə	häcänunir xixehīdənə	häcänunir pürücīdənə
3^rd plur.	häcänun moɕädīdənə	häcänun xixehīdənə	häcänun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänü mäɕodīdə	cänü xexihīdə	cänü pürücigīdə
2^nd sing.	cänir mäɕodīdə	cänir xexihīdə	cänir pürücigīdə
3^rd sing.	cän mäɕodīdə	cän xexihīdə	cän pürücigīdə
1^st plur.	cänunü mäɕodīdənə	cänunü xexihīdənə	cänunü pürücigīdənə
2^nd plur.	cänunir mäɕodīdənə	cänunir xexihīdənə	cänunir pürücigīdənə
3^rd plur.	cänun mäɕodīdənə	cänun xexihīdənə	cänun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcänü mäɕodīdə	häcänü xexihīdə	häcänü pürücigīdə
2^nd sing.	häcänir mäɕodīdə	häcänir xexihīdə	häcänir pürücigīdə
3^rd sing.	häcän mäɕodīdə	häcän xexihīdə	häcän pürücigīdə
1^st plur.	häcänunü mäɕodīdənə	häcänunü xexihīdənə	häcänunü pürücigīdənə
2^nd plur.	häcänunir mäɕodīdənə	häcänunir xexihīdənə	häcänunir pürücigīdənə
3^rd plur.	häcänun mäɕodīdənə	häcänun xexihīdənə	häcänun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänü moɕädühä	cänü xixehühä	cänü pürücühä
2^nd sing.	cänir moɕädühä	cänir xixehühä	cänir pürücühä
3^rd sing.	cän moɕädühä	cän xixehühä	cän pürücühä
1^st plur.	cänunü moɕädühä	cänunü xixehühä	cänunü pürücühä
2^nd plur.	cänunir moɕädühä	cänunir xixehühä	cänunir pürücühä
3^rd plur.	cänun moɕädühä	cänun xixehühä	cänun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänü mäɕodühä	cänü xexihühä	cänü pürücigühä
2^nd sing.	cänir mäɕodühä	cänir xexihühä	cänir pürücigühä
3^rd sing.	cän mäɕodühä	cän xexihühä	cän pürücigühä
1^st plur.	cänunü mäɕodühä	cänunü xexihühä	cänunü pürücigühä
2^nd plur.	cänunir mäɕodühä	cänunir xexihühä	cänunir pürücigühä
3^rd plur.	cänun mäɕodühä	cänun xexihühä	cänun pürücigühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcänü moɕädühä	häcänü xixehühä	häcänü pürücühä
2^nd sing.	häcänir moɕädühä	häcänir xixehühä	häcänir pürücühä
3^rd sing.	häcän moɕädühä	häcän xixehühä	häcän pürücühä
1^st plur.	häcänunü moɕädühä	häcänunü xixehühä	häcänunü pürücühä
2^nd plur.	häcänunir moɕädühä	häcänunir xixehühä	häcänunir pürücühä
3^rd plur.	häcänun moɕädühä	häcänun xixehühä	häcänun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.

The subjunctive widely features the infix -ün-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -ün- and the personal endings are added to the present root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	moɕädünü	xixehünü	pürücünü
2^nd sing.	moɕädünir	xixehünir	pürücünir
3^rd sing.	moɕädüńäh	xixehün	pürücün
1^st plur.	moɕädünunü	xixehünunü	pürücünunü
2^nd plur.	moɕädünunir	xixehünunir	pürücünunir
3^rd plur.	moɕädünuńäh	xixehünun	pürücünun

In the 3^rd singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the subjunctive infix into -üń-.

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The infix -ün- and the personal endings are added to the past root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	mäɕodünü	xexihünü	pürücigünü
2^nd sing.	mäɕodünir	xexihünir	pürücigünir
3^rd sing.	mäɕodüńäh	xexihün	pürücigün
1^st plur.	mäɕodünunü	xexihünunü	pürücigünunü
2^nd plur.	mäɕodünunir	xexihünunir	pürücigünunir
3^rd plur.	mäɕodünuńäh	xexihünun	pürücigünun

In the 3^rd singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the subjunctive infix into -üń-.

Present continuous tense

The present countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänünü moɕädīdə	cänünü xixehīdə	cänünü pürücīdə
2^nd sing.	cänünir moɕädīdə	cänünir xixehīdə	cänünir pürücīdə
3^rd sing.	cänün moɕädīdə	cänün xixehīdə	cänün pürücīdə
1^st plur.	cänünunü moɕädīdənə	cänünunü xixehīdənə	cänünunü pürücīdənə
2^nd plur.	cänünunir moɕädīdənə	cänünunir xixehīdənə	cänünunir pürücīdənə
3^rd plur.	cänünun moɕädīdənə	cänünun xixehīdənə	cänünun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Past continuous tense

The past countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcänünü moɕädīdə	häcänünü xixehīdə	häcänünü pürücīdə
2^nd sing.	häcänünir moɕädīdə	häcänünir xixehīdə	häcänünir pürücīdə
3^rd sing.	häcänün moɕädīdə	häcänün xixehīdə	häcänün pürücīdə
1^st plur.	häcänünunü moɕädīdənə	häcänünunü xixehīdənə	häcänünunü pürücīdənə
2^nd plur.	häcänünunir moɕädīdənə	häcänünunir xixehīdənə	häcänünunir pürücīdənə
3^rd plur.	häcänünun moɕädīdənə	häcänünun xixehīdənə	häcänünun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänünü mäɕodīdə	cänünü xexihīdə	cänünü pürücigīdə
2^nd sing.	cänünir mäɕodīdə	cänünir xexihīdə	cänünir pürücigīdə
3^rd sing.	cänün mäɕodīdə	cänün xexihīdə	cänün pürücigīdə
1^st plur.	cänünunü mäɕodīdənə	cänünunü xexihīdənə	cänünunü pürücigīdənə
2^nd plur.	cänünunir mäɕodīdənə	cänünunir xexihīdənə	cänünunir pürücigīdənə
3^rd plur.	cänünun mäɕodīdənə	cänünun xexihīdənə	cänünun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcänünü mäɕodīdə	häcänünü xexihīdə	häcänünü pürücigīdə
2^nd sing.	häcänünir mäɕodīdə	häcänünir xexihīdə	häcänünir pürücigīdə
3^rd sing.	häcänün mäɕodīdə	häcänün xexihīdə	häcänün pürücigīdə
1^st plur.	häcänünunü mäɕodīdənə	häcänünunü xexihīdənə	häcänünunü pürücigīdənə
2^nd plur.	häcänünunir mäɕodīdənə	häcänünunir xexihīdənə	häcänünunir pürücigīdənə
3^rd plur.	häcänünun mäɕodīdənə	häcänünun xexihīdənə	häcänünun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänünü moɕädühä	cänünü xixehühä	cänünü pürücühä
2^nd sing.	cänünir moɕädühä	cänünir xixehühä	cänünir pürücühä
3^rd sing.	cänün moɕädühä	cänün xixehühä	cänün pürücühä
1^st plur.	cänünunü moɕädühä	cänünunü xixehühä	cänünunü pürücühä
2^nd plur.	cänünunir moɕädühä	cänünunir xixehühä	cänünunir pürücühä
3^rd plur.	cänünun moɕädühä	cänünun xixehühä	cänünun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänünü mäɕodühä	cänünü xexihühä	cänünü pürücigühä
2^nd sing.	cänünir mäɕodühä	cänünir xexihühä	cänünir pürücigühä
3^rd sing.	cänün mäɕodühä	cänün xexihühä	cänün pürücigühä
1^st plur.	cänünunü mäɕodühä	cänünunü xexihühä	cänünunü pürücigühä
2^nd plur.	cänünunir mäɕodühä	cänünunir xexihühä	cänünunir pürücigühä
3^rd plur.	cänünun mäɕodühä	cänünun xexihühä	cänünun pürücigühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcänünü moɕädühä	häcänünü xixehühä	häcänünü pürücühä
2^nd sing.	häcänünir moɕädühä	häcänünir xixehühä	häcänünir pürücühä
3^rd sing.	häcänün moɕädühä	häcänün xixehühä	häcänün pürücühä
1^st plur.	häcänünunü moɕädühä	häcänünunü xixehühä	häcänünunü pürücühä
2^nd plur.	häcänünunir moɕädühä	häcänünunir xixehühä	häcänünunir pürücühä
3^rd plur.	häcänünun moɕädühä	häcänünun xixehühä	häcänünun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Optative mood

The optative mood is used to convey wish and desire. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.

The optative widely features the infix -us-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the present root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	moɕädusü	xixehusü	pürücusü
2^nd sing.	moɕädusir	xixehusir	pürücusir
3^rd sing.	moɕäduśäh	xixehus	pürücus
1^st plur.	moɕädusunü	xixehusunü	pürücusunü
2^nd plur.	moɕädusunir	xixehusunir	pürücusunir
3^rd plur.	moɕädusuńäh	xixehusun	pürücusun

In the 3^rd singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the optative infix into -uś-.

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the past root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	mäɕodusü	xexihusü	pürücigusü
2^nd sing.	mäɕodusir	xexihusir	pürücigusir
3^rd sing.	mäɕoduśäh	xexihus	pürücigus
1^st plur.	mäɕodusunü	xexihusunü	pürücigusunü
2^nd plur.	mäɕodusunir	xexihusunir	pürücigusunir
3^rd plur.	mäɕodusuńäh	xexihusun	pürücigusun

In the 3^rd singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the optative infix into -uś-.

Present continuous tense

The present countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänusü moɕädīdə	cänusü xixehīdə	cänusü pürücīdə
2^nd sing.	cänusir moɕädīdə	cänusir xixehīdə	cänusir pürücīdə
3^rd sing.	cänus moɕädīdə	cänus xixehīdə	cänus pürücīdə
1^st plur.	cänusunü moɕädīdənə	cänusunü xixehīdənə	cänusunü pürücīdənə
2^nd plur.	cänusunir moɕädīdənə	cänusunir xixehīdənə	cänusunir pürücīdənə
3^rd plur.	cänusun moɕädīdənə	cänusun xixehīdənə	cänusun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Past continuous tense

The past countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcänusü moɕädīdə	häcänusü xixehīdə	häcänusü pürücīdə
2^nd sing.	häcänusir moɕädīdə	häcänusir xixehīdə	häcänusir pürücīdə
3^rd sing.	häcänus moɕädīdə	häcänus xixehīdə	häcänus pürücīdə
1^st plur.	häcänusunü moɕädīdənə	häcänusunü xixehīdənə	häcänusunü pürücīdənə
2^nd plur.	häcänusunir moɕädīdənə	häcänusunir xixehīdənə	häcänusunir pürücīdənə
3^rd plur.	häcänusun moɕädīdənə	häcänusun xixehīdənə	häcänusun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänusü mäɕodīdə	cänusü xexihīdə	cänusü pürücigīdə
2^nd sing.	cänusir mäɕodīdə	cänusir xexihīdə	cänusir pürücigīdə
3^rd sing.	cänus mäɕodīdə	cänus xexihīdə	cänus pürücigīdə
1^st plur.	cänusunü mäɕodīdənə	cänusunü xexihīdənə	cänusunü pürücigīdənə
2^nd plur.	cänusunir mäɕodīdənə	cänusunir xexihīdənə	cänusunir pürücigīdənə
3^rd plur.	cänusun mäɕodīdənə	cänusun xexihīdənə	cänusun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcänusü mäɕodīdə	häcänusü xexihīdə	häcänusü pürücigīdə
2^nd sing.	häcänusir mäɕodīdə	häcänusir xexihīdə	häcänusir pürücigīdə
3^rd sing.	häcänus mäɕodīdə	häcänus xexihīdə	häcänus pürücigīdə
1^st plur.	häcänusunü mäɕodīdənə	häcänusunü xexihīdənə	häcänusunü pürücigīdənə
2^nd plur.	häcänusunir mäɕodīdənə	häcänusunir xexihīdənə	häcänusunir pürücigīdənə
3^rd plur.	häcänusun mäɕodīdənə	häcänusun xexihīdənə	häcänusun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänusü moɕädühä	cänusü xixehühä	cänusü pürücühä
2^nd sing.	cänusir moɕädühä	cänusir xixehühä	cänusir pürücühä
3^rd sing.	cänus moɕädühä	cänus xixehühä	cänus pürücühä
1^st plur.	cänusunü moɕädühä	cänusunü xixehühä	cänusunü pürücühä
2^nd plur.	cänusunir moɕädühä	cänusunir xixehühä	cänusunir pürücühä
3^rd plur.	cänusun moɕädühä	cänusun xixehühä	cänusun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cänusü mäɕodühä	cänusü xexihühä	cänusü pürücigühä
2^nd sing.	cänusir mäɕodühä	cänusir xexihühä	cänusir pürücigühä
3^rd sing.	cänus mäɕodühä	cänus xexihühä	cänus pürücigühä
1^st plur.	cänusunü mäɕodühä	cänusunü xexihühä	cänusunü pürücigühä
2^nd plur.	cänusunir mäɕodühä	cänusunir xexihühä	cänusunir pürücigühä
3^rd plur.	cänusun mäɕodühä	cänusun xexihühä	cänusun pürücigühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcänusü moɕädühä	häcänusü xixehühä	häcänusü pürücühä
2^nd sing.	häcänusir moɕädühä	häcänusir xixehühä	häcänusir pürücühä
3^rd sing.	häcänus moɕädühä	häcänus xixehühä	häcänus pürücühä
1^st plur.	häcänusunü moɕädühä	häcänusunü xixehühä	häcänusunü pürücühä
2^nd plur.	häcänusunir moɕädühä	häcänusunir xixehühä	häcänusunir pürücühä
3^rd plur.	häcänusun moɕädühä	häcänusun xixehühä	häcänusun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Potential mood

The potential mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.

The potential widely features the infix -äɕ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix can cause irregularities, because it palatalizes every consonant, which has a palatalized counteparts. This makes the potential the richest mood in irregularities.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -äɕ-, which often palatalizes the last consonant of the root, and the personal endings are added to the present root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	moɕäd́äɕü	xixeh́äɕü	pürüćäɕü
2^nd sing.	moɕäd́äɕir	xixeh́äɕir	pürüćäɕir
3^rd sing.	moɕäd́äɕäh	xixeh́äɕ	pürüćäɕ
1^st plur.	moɕäd́äɕunü	xixeh́äɕunü	pürüćäɕunü
2^nd plur.	moɕäd́äɕunir	xixeh́äɕunir	pürüćäɕunir
3^rd plur.	moɕäd́äɕuńäh	xixeh́äɕun	pürüćäɕun

Since the consonant of the potential infix -äɕ- has no palatalized counterpart, in the 3^rd singular person the personal endings of the classes can cause no further irregularities.

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The infix -äɕ-, which often palatalizes the last consonant of the root, and the personal endings are added to the past root:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	mäɕod́äɕü	xexih́äɕü	pürüciǵäɕü
2^nd sing.	mäɕod́äɕir	xexih́äɕir	pürüciǵäɕir
3^rd sing.	mäɕod́äɕäh	xexih́äɕ	pürüciǵäɕ
1^st plur.	mäɕod́äɕunü	xexih́äɕunü	pürüciǵäɕunü
2^nd plur.	mäɕod́äɕunir	xexih́äɕunir	pürüciǵäɕunir
3^rd plur.	mäɕod́äɕuńäh	xexih́äɕun	pürüciǵäɕun

Since the consonant of the potential infix -äɕ- has no palatalized counterpart, in the 3^rd singular person the personal endings of the classes can cause no further irregularities.

Present continuous tense

The present countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cäńäɕü moɕädīdə	cäńäɕü xixehīdə	cäńäɕü pürücīdə
2^nd sing.	cäńäɕir moɕädīdə	cäńäɕir xixehīdə	cäńäɕir pürücīdə
3^rd sing.	cäńäɕ moɕädīdə	cäńäɕ xixehīdə	cäńäɕ pürücīdə
1^st plur.	cäńäɕunü moɕädīdənə	cäńäɕunü xixehīdənə	cäńäɕunü pürücīdənə
2^nd plur.	cäńäɕunir moɕädīdənə	cäńäɕunir xixehīdənə	cäńäɕunir pürücīdənə
3^rd plur.	cäńäɕun moɕädīdənə	cäńäɕun xixehīdənə	cäńäɕun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Past continuous tense

The past countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcäńäɕü moɕädīdə	häcäńäɕü xixehīdə	häcäńäɕü pürücīdə
2^nd sing.	häcäńäɕir moɕädīdə	häcäńäɕir xixehīdə	häcäńäɕir pürücīdə
3^rd sing.	häcäńäɕ moɕädīdə	häcäńäɕ xixehīdə	häcäńäɕ pürücīdə
1^st plur.	häcäńäɕunü moɕädīdənə	häcäńäɕunü xixehīdənə	häcäńäɕunü pürücīdənə
2^nd plur.	häcäńäɕunir moɕädīdənə	häcäńäɕunir xixehīdənə	häcäńäɕunir pürücīdənə
3^rd plur.	häcäńäɕun moɕädīdənə	häcäńäɕun xixehīdənə	häcäńäɕun pürücīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cäńäɕü mäɕodīdə	cäńäɕü xexihīdə	cäńäɕü pürücigīdə
2^nd sing.	cäńäɕir mäɕodīdə	cäńäɕir xexihīdə	cäńäɕir pürücigīdə
3^rd sing.	cäńäɕ mäɕodīdə	cäńäɕ xexihīdə	cäńäɕ pürücigīdə
1^st plur.	cäńäɕunü mäɕodīdənə	cäńäɕunü xexihīdənə	cäńäɕunü pürücigīdənə
2^nd plur.	cäńäɕunir mäɕodīdənə	cäńäɕunir xexihīdənə	cäńäɕunir pürücigīdənə
3^rd plur.	cäńäɕun mäɕodīdənə	cäńäɕun xexihīdənə	cäńäɕun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcäńäɕü mäɕodīdə	häcäńäɕü xexihīdə	häcäńäɕü pürücigīdə
2^nd sing.	häcäńäɕir mäɕodīdə	häcäńäɕir xexihīdə	häcäńäɕir pürücigīdə
3^rd sing.	häcäńäɕ mäɕodīdə	häcäńäɕ xexihīdə	häcäńäɕ pürücigīdə
1^st plur.	häcäńäɕunü mäɕodīdənə	häcäńäɕunü xexihīdənə	häcäńäɕunü pürücigīdənə
2^nd plur.	häcäńäɕunir mäɕodīdənə	häcäńäɕunir xexihīdənə	häcäńäɕunir pürücigīdənə
3^rd plur.	häcäńäɕun mäɕodīdənə	häcäńäɕun xexihīdənə	häcäńäɕun pürücigīdənə

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cäńäɕü moɕädühä	cäńäɕü xixehühä	cäńäɕü pürücühä
2^nd sing.	cäńäɕir moɕädühä	cäńäɕir xixehühä	cäńäɕir pürücühä
3^rd sing.	cäńäɕ moɕädühä	cäńäɕ xixehühä	cäńäɕ pürücühä
1^st plur.	cäńäɕunü moɕädühä	cäńäɕunü xixehühä	cäńäɕunü pürücühä
2^nd plur.	cäńäɕunir moɕädühä	cäńäɕunir xixehühä	cäńäɕunir pürücühä
3^rd plur.	cäńäɕun moɕädühä	cäńäɕun xixehühä	cäńäɕun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	cäńäɕü mäɕodühä	cäńäɕü xexihühä	cäńäɕü pürücigühä
2^nd sing.	cäńäɕir mäɕodühä	cäńäɕir xexihühä	cäńäɕir pürücigühä
3^rd sing.	cäńäɕ mäɕodühä	cäńäɕ xexihühä	cäńäɕ pürücigühä
1^st plur.	cäńäɕunü mäɕodühä	cäńäɕunü xexihühä	cäńäɕunü pürücigühä
2^nd plur.	cäńäɕunir mäɕodühä	cäńäɕunir xexihühä	cäńäɕunir pürücigühä
3^rd plur.	cäńäɕun mäɕodühä	cäńäɕun xexihühä	cäńäɕun pürücigühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

	class I	class II	class IIg
1^st sing.	häcäńäɕü moɕädühä	häcäńäɕü xixehühä	häcäńäɕü pürücühä
2^nd sing.	häcäńäɕir moɕädühä	häcäńäɕir xixehühä	häcäńäɕir pürücühä
3^rd sing.	häcäńäɕ moɕädühä	häcäńäɕ xixehühä	häcäńäɕ pürücühä
1^st plur.	häcäńäɕunü moɕädühä	häcäńäɕunü xixehühä	häcäńäɕunü pürücühä
2^nd plur.	häcäńäɕunir moɕädühä	häcäńäɕunir xixehühä	häcäńäɕunir pürücühä
3^rd plur.	häcäńäɕun moɕädühä	häcäńäɕun xixehühä	häcäńäɕun pürücühä

This tense is regarded as essentially regular.

The 3^rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the past root. It is marked by the ending -ühä.

	class I	class II	class IIg
present	moɕädühä	xixehühä	pürücühä
past	mäɕodühä	xexihühä	pürücigühä

The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined also in the plural number in this function. In this function it is also usually adjoined by the articles.

äs xemunühä
the food

Participle

Ci sono due forme participiali, il participio attivo ed il participio passivo. Sono forme aggettivali del verbo e come tali si declinano. Possiedono inoltre una forma passata costruita sulla radice del passato del verbo. Il participio attivo è caratterizzato dalla desinenza -īdə, aggiunta ad entrambe le radici: classe I classe II classe IIg presente moɕädīdə xixehīdə pürücīdə passato mäɕodīdə xexihīdə pürücigīdə

Il participio passivo è caratterizzato dalla desinenza -́uhi, aggiunta ad entrambe le radici: classe I classe II classe IIg presente moɕäd́uhi xixeh́uhi pürüćuhi passato mäɕod́uhi xexih́uhi pürüciǵuhi

Le forme del participio passivo sono tendenzialmente irregolari, in quanto la desinenza -́uhi palatalizza sistematicamente tutte le consonanti in possesso di una controparte palatalizzata. Ciò rende il participio passato uno dei modi più ricchi di forme irregolari. Il participio attivo è una forma verbale aggettivale che si usa insieme ad un nome per indicare che svolge attivamente un’azione. Viene talvolta usato per formare le proposizioni relative. In quanto forma aggettivale può prendere la desinenza di plurale, anche quando viene usato nella coniugazione verbale. Il participio passivo è una forma verbale aggettivale che si usa insieme ad un nome per indicare che subisce passivamente un’azione. Viene largamente usato sia nella coniugazione verbale per la formazione della diatesi passiva, sia come aggettivo. Viene talvolta usato per formare le proposizioni relative. In quanto forma aggettivale può prendere la desinenza di plurale, anche quando viene usato nella coniugazione verbale.

Besides its verbal or adjectival role, in some cases the participle may be used as noun, if preceded by the article.

äs mäɕod́uhi
the harvest

Passive diathesis and impersonal form

The passive diathesis displays a far lesser amount of forms than the active diathesis. It is formed with the participle, which distinguished only the verbal aspect and the number of the clause subject.

The imperfective form of the participle is used to convey an ongoing action, mainly in the present or in the future.
The perfective form of the participle is used to convey a completed and finished action, mainly in the past.

Examples:

ež hunno həjšeččuǵ
the field is/will be cultivated

ežno hunnono ežəjšeččugino
the fields were cultivated

Intransitive verbs do not have a proper passive diathesis, but they may have a participial form. This form is used with an impersonal value, instead of a passive one.

hišegguǵ
one falls, people fall

The impersonal form is mostly used in the singular number, but it may be found also in the plural, with a kind of collective meaning.

@@ Line 881: / Line 881: @@
 ======Participle======
-The participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It isn has a passive meaning and it is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is, thus, usually not used with intransitive verbs (<small>with some of which it may take an impersonal value</small>). In verbal conjugation, it agrees with the subject in number, while it agrees also in case with its adjoining noun, displaying thus a complete declension, in its adjectival role.
+Ci sono due forme participiali, il participio attivo ed il participio passivo. Sono forme aggettivali del verbo e come tali si declinano. Possiedono inoltre una forma passata costruita sulla radice del passato del verbo.
+Il participio attivo è caratterizzato dalla desinenza -īdə, aggiunta ad entrambe le radici:
+	classe I	classe II	classe IIg
+presente	moɕädīdə	xixehīdə	pürücīdə
+passato	mäɕodīdə	xexihīdə	pürücigīdə
-It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the ''imperfective root'' and on the ''perfective root''. It may also take the modal infix -už-, diplaying thus a conditional form. It is marked by the ending -uǵ (<small>whose plural form is -ugi</small>). This ending very often causes irregularities, such as the lenghtening of the last root consonant or its alteration (<small>the conditional infix undergoes no alteration</small>).
+Il participio passivo è caratterizzato dalla desinenza -́uhi, aggiunta ad entrambe le radici:
+	classe I	classe II	classe IIg
+presente	moɕäd́uhi	xixeh́uhi	pürüćuhi
+passato	mäɕod́uhi	xexih́uhi	pürüciǵuhi
-{| class="wikitable"
+Le forme del participio passivo sono tendenzialmente irregolari, in quanto la desinenza -́uhi palatalizza sistematicamente tutte le consonanti in possesso di una controparte palatalizzata. Ciò rende il participio passato uno dei modi più ricchi di forme irregolari.
-|-
+Il participio attivo è una forma verbale aggettivale che si usa insieme ad un nome per indicare che svolge attivamente un’azione. Viene talvolta usato per formare le proposizioni relative. In quanto forma aggettivale può prendere la desinenza di plurale, anche quando viene usato nella coniugazione verbale.
-| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
+Il participio passivo è una forma verbale aggettivale che si usa insieme ad un nome per indicare che subisce passivamente un’azione. Viene largamente usato sia nella coniugazione verbale per la formazione della diatesi passiva, sia come aggettivo. Viene talvolta usato per formare le proposizioni relative. In quanto forma aggettivale può prendere la desinenza di plurale, anche quando viene usato nella coniugazione verbale.
-|-
-| ''<small>imperfective</small>'' || <center>mɔcedduǵ</center> || <center>mɔcedužuǵ</center>
-|-
-| ''<small>perfective</small>'' || <center>emɔcedduǵ</center> || <center>emɔcedužuǵ</center>
-|-
-|}
 Besides its verbal or adjectival role, in some cases the participle may be used as noun, if preceded by the article.

User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 09:38, 23 June 2025

Conjugation of regular verbs

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Present tense

Past tense

Present continuous tense

Past continuous tense

Perfect tense

Pluperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Subjunctive mood

Present tense

Past tense

Present continuous tense

Past continuous tense

Perfect tense

Pluperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Optative mood

Present tense

Past tense

Present continuous tense

Past continuous tense

Perfect tense

Pluperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Potential mood

Present tense

Past tense

Present continuous tense

Past continuous tense

Perfect tense

Pluperfect tense

Future tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Non-finite forms

Infinitive

Participle

Passive diathesis and impersonal form

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