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| Direct objects of the infinitival forms are declined in the ''ablative'' case. | | Direct objects of the infinitival forms are declined in the ''ablative'' case. |
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| =====Agentive participle===== | | ======Participle====== |
| {| class="wikitable"
| | There are two participial forms, the ''agentive participle'' and the ''passive participle''. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the ''present root'' and on the ''preterite root''. |
| |-
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| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsī́to</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsī́to</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́pī́to</center> || <center>lolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsī́to</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́pī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsī́to</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
| |
| | |
| It is usually used to build relative clauses, in which the subject is the linked noun, and the direct object is declined in the ''ablative'' case:
| |
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| ʔṓnašu ʔalolī́pɑtsī́toli wī́roli
| | The '''agentive participle''' is formed through the ending -īdu, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -ugi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment. |
| <small>the man which might have seen the woman</small>
| |
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|
| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
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| =====Passive participle=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopuki</center> || <center>lī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsuki</center> | | | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsuki</center> | | | ''<small>agentive</small>'' || <center>gɛgugīdu</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugīdu</center> || <center>gugɛgīdu</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgīdu</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́puki</center> || <center>lolī́piñuki</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsuki</center> | | | ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>gɛgugjugiw</center> || <center>hɛgɛgugjugiw</center> || <center>gugɛgjugiw</center> || <center>hɛgugɛgjugiw</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́puki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñuki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsuki</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |} | | |} |
|
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|
| The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. | | The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is often used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it thus displays a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes, but agreeing with its adjoining noun. |
| | |
| Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses, in which the object is the linked noun, and the subject is declined in the ''agentive'' case. In the earlier period it is not used in this role.
| |
| | |
| wī́roli ʔalolī́puki ʔṓna
| |
| <small>the woman seen by the man</small>
| |
|
| |
|
| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
| | The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses. |
Conjugation of a regular verb
Example: gɛgugiwgɛ, to bring
Indicative mood
Four tenses are simple:
|
imperfective |
perfective
|
|
present |
past |
present |
past
|
| 1st sing. |
gɛgugū |
hɛgɛgugū |
gugɛgū |
hɛgugɛgū
|
| 2nd sing. |
gɛgugir |
hɛgɛgugir |
gugɛgir |
hɛgugɛgir
|
| 3rd sing. |
gɛgugjɛc1 |
hɛgɛgugjɛc1 |
gugɛgjɛc1 |
hɛgugɛgjɛc1
|
| gɛgug2 |
hɛgɛgug2 |
gugɛg2 |
hɛgugɛg2
|
| 1st dual |
gɛgugiwhū |
hɛgɛgugiwhū |
gugɛgiwhū |
hɛgugɛgiwhū
|
| 2nd dual |
gɛgugiwhir |
hɛgɛgugiwhir |
gugɛgiwhir |
hɛgugɛgiwhir
|
| 3rd dual |
gɛgugiwcɛc |
hɛgɛgugiwcɛc |
gugɛgiwcɛc |
hɛgugɛgiwcɛc
|
| gɛgugiwh |
hɛgɛgugiwh |
gugɛgiwh |
hɛgugɛgiwh
|
| 1st plur. |
gɛgugunū |
hɛgɛgugunū |
gugɛgunū |
hɛgugɛgunū
|
| 2nd plur. |
gɛgugunir |
hɛgɛgugunir |
gugɛgunir |
hɛgugɛgunir
|
| 3rd plur. |
gɛgugunjɛc |
hɛgɛgugunjɛc |
gugɛgunjɛc |
hɛgugɛgunjɛc
|
| gɛgugun |
hɛgɛgugun |
gugɛgun |
hɛgugɛgun
|
- 1 this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:
cɛgiliwgɛ → cɛgiʎɛc
to say → he/she/it says
lilušiwgɛ → lilušɛc
to see → he/she/it sees
- 2 this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:
čiwguliwgɛ → čiwgū
to come → he/she/it comes
There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:
- Imperfective future: forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
- Resultative present: forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
- Resultative past: forms of the indicative past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
|
imperfective future |
resultative present |
resultative past
|
| 1st sing. |
çɛňū gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 2nd sing. |
çɛňir gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 3rd sing. |
çɛňɛc gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| çɛň gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 1st dual |
çɛňiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 2nd dual |
çeňiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 3rd dual |
çɛňiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| çeňiwh gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 1st plur. |
çɛňunū gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 2nd plur. |
çɛňunir gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 3rd plur. |
çɛňunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| çɛňun gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive widely features the infix -iwň-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings.
Four tenses are simple:
|
imperfective |
perfective
|
|
present |
past |
present |
past
|
| 1st sing. |
gɛgugiwňū |
hɛgɛgugiwňū |
gugɛgiwňū |
hɛgugɛgiwňū
|
| 2nd sing. |
gɛgugiwňir |
hɛgɛgugiwňir |
gugɛgiwňir |
hɛgugɛgiwňir
|
| 3rd sing. |
gɛgugiwňɛc |
hɛgɛgugiwňɛc |
gugɛgiwňɛc |
hɛgugɛgiwňɛc
|
| gɛgugiwň |
hɛgɛgugiwň |
gugɛgiwň |
hɛgugɛgiwň
|
| 1st dual |
gɛgugiwňiwhū |
hɛgɛgugiwňiwhū |
gugɛgiwňiwhū |
hɛgugɛgiwňiwhū
|
| 2nd dual |
gɛgugiwňiwhir |
hɛgɛgugiwňiwhir |
gugɛgiwňiwhir |
hɛgugɛgiwňiwhir
|
| 3rd dual |
gɛgugiwňiwcɛc |
hɛgɛgugiwňiwcɛc |
gugɛgiwňiwcɛc |
hɛgugɛgiwňiwcɛc
|
| gɛgugiwňiwh |
hɛgɛgugiwňiwh |
gugɛgiwňiwh |
hɛgugɛgiwňiwh
|
| 1st plur. |
gɛgugiwňunū |
hɛgɛgugiwňunū |
gugɛgiwňunū |
hɛgugɛgiwňunū
|
| 2nd plur. |
gɛgugiwňunir |
hɛgɛgugiwňunir |
gugɛgiwňunir |
hɛgugɛgiwňunir
|
| 3rd plur. |
gɛgugiwňunjɛc |
hɛgɛgugiwňunjɛc |
gugɛgiwňunjɛc |
hɛgugɛgiwňunjɛc
|
| gɛgugiwňun |
hɛgɛgugiwňun |
gugɛgiwňun |
hɛgugɛgiwňun
|
Forms of the simple tenses in the subjunctive mood usually do not display other irregularities.
There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:
- Imperfective future: forms of the subjunctive present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
- Resultative present: forms of the subjunctive present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
- Resultative past: forms of the subjunctive past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
|
imperfective future |
resultative present |
resultative past
|
| 1st sing. |
çɛňiwňū gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 2nd sing. |
çɛňiwňir gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 3rd sing. |
çɛňiwňɛc gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| çɛňiwň gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 1st dual |
çɛňiwňiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 2nd dual |
çeňiwňiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 3rd dual |
çɛňiwňiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| çeňiwňiwh gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 1st plur. |
çɛňiwňunū gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 2nd plur. |
çɛňiwňunir gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 3rd plur. |
çɛňiwňunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| çɛňiwňun gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňiwňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňiwňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
Optative mood
The optative widely features the infix -uš-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings.
Four tenses are simple:
|
imperfective |
perfective
|
|
present |
past |
present |
past
|
| 1st sing. |
gɛgugušū |
hɛgɛgugušū |
gugɛgušū |
hɛgugɛgušū
|
| 2nd sing. |
gɛgugušir |
hɛgɛgugušir |
gugɛgušir |
hɛgugɛgušir
|
| 3rd sing. |
gɛgugušɛc |
hɛgɛgugušɛc |
gugɛgušɛc |
hɛgugɛgušɛc
|
| gɛguguš |
hɛgɛguguš |
gugɛguš |
hɛgugɛguš
|
| 1st dual |
gɛgugušiwhū |
hɛgɛgugušiwhū |
gugɛgušiwhū |
hɛgugɛgušiwhū
|
| 2nd dual |
gɛgugušiwhir |
hɛgɛgugušiwhir |
gugɛgušiwhir |
hɛgugɛgušiwhir
|
| 3rd dual |
gɛgugušiwcɛc |
hɛgɛgugušiwcɛc |
gugɛgušiwcɛc |
hɛgugɛgušiwcɛc
|
| gɛgugušiwh |
hɛgɛgugušiwh |
gugɛgušiwh |
hɛgugɛgušiwh
|
| 1st plur. |
gɛgugušunū |
hɛgɛgugušunū |
gugɛgušunū |
hɛgugɛgušunū
|
| 2nd plur. |
gɛgugušunir |
hɛgɛgugušunir |
gugɛgušunir |
hɛgugɛgušunir
|
| 3rd plur. |
gɛgugušunjɛc |
hɛgɛgugušunjɛc |
gugɛgušunjɛc |
hɛgugɛgušunjɛc
|
| gɛgugušun |
hɛgɛgugušun |
gugɛgušun |
hɛgugɛgušun
|
Forms of the simple tenses in the optative mood usually do not display other irregularities.
There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:
- Imperfective future: forms of the optative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
- Resultative present: forms of the optative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
- Resultative past: forms of the optative past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
|
imperfective future |
resultative present |
resultative past
|
| 1st sing. |
çɛňušū gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňušū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňušū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 2nd sing. |
çɛňušir gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňušir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňušir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 3rd sing. |
çɛňušɛc gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňušɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňušɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| çɛňuš gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňuš hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňuš hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 1st dual |
çɛňušiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňušiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňušiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 2nd dual |
çeňušiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňušiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňušiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 3rd dual |
çɛňušiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňušiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňušiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| çeňušiwh gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňušiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňušiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 1st plur. |
çɛňušunū gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňušunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňušunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 2nd plur. |
çɛňušunir gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňušunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňušunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 3rd plur. |
çɛňušunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňušunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňušunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| çɛňušun gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňušun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňušun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
Potential mood
The potential widely features the infix -jɛʈ- (or its palatalizing version, -ɛʈ-), which is placed between the roots and the personal endings.
Four tenses are simple:
|
imperfective |
perfective
|
|
present |
past |
present |
past
|
| 1st sing. |
gɛgugjɛʈū |
hɛgɛgugjɛʈū |
gugɛgjɛʈū |
hɛgugɛgjɛʈū
|
| 2nd sing. |
gɛgugjɛʈir |
hɛgɛgugjɛʈir |
gugɛgjɛʈir |
hɛgugɛgjɛʈir
|
| 3rd sing. |
gɛgugjɛcɛc |
hɛgɛgugjɛcɛc |
gugɛgjɛcɛc |
hɛgugɛgjɛcɛc
|
| gɛgugjɛʈ |
hɛgɛgugjɛʈ |
gugɛgjɛʈ |
hɛgugɛgjɛʈ
|
| 1st dual |
gɛgugjɛʈiwhū |
hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwhū |
gugɛgjɛʈiwhū |
hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwhū
|
| 2nd dual |
gɛgugjɛʈiwhir |
hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwhir |
gugɛgjɛʈiwhir |
hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwhir
|
| 3rd dual |
gɛgugjɛʈiwcɛc |
hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwcɛc |
gugɛgjɛʈiwcɛc |
hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwcɛc
|
| gɛgugjɛʈiwh |
hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwh |
gugɛgjɛʈiwh |
hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwh
|
| 1st plur. |
gɛgugjɛʈunū |
hɛgɛgugjɛʈunū |
gugɛgjɛʈunū |
hɛgugɛgjɛʈunū
|
| 2nd plur. |
gɛgugjɛʈunir |
hɛgɛgugjɛʈunir |
gugɛgjɛʈunir |
hɛgugɛgjɛʈunir
|
| 3rd plur. |
gɛgugjɛʈunjɛc |
hɛgɛgugjɛʈunjɛc |
gugɛgjɛʈunjɛc |
hɛgugɛgjɛʈunjɛc
|
| gɛgugjɛʈun |
hɛgɛgugjɛʈun |
gugɛgjɛʈun |
hɛgugɛgjɛʈun
|
Forms of the simple tenses in the potential mood usually do not display other irregularities.
There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:
- Imperfective future: forms of the potential present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
- Resultative present: forms of the potential present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
- Resultative past: forms of the potential past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
|
imperfective future |
resultative present |
resultative past
|
| 1st sing. |
çɛňɛʈū gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňɛʈū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňɛʈū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 2nd sing. |
çɛňɛʈir gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňɛʈir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňɛʈir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 3rd sing. |
çɛňɛcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňɛcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňɛcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| çɛňɛʈ gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňɛʈ hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňɛʈ hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 1st dual |
çɛňɛʈiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňɛʈiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňɛʈiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 2nd dual |
çeňɛʈiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňɛʈiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňɛʈiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 3rd dual |
çɛňɛʈiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňɛʈiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňɛʈiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| çeňɛʈiwh gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňɛʈiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňɛʈiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 1st plur. |
çɛňɛʈunū gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňɛʈunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňɛʈunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 2nd plur. |
çɛňɛʈunir gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňɛʈunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňɛʈunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| 3rd plur. |
çɛňɛʈunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňɛʈunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňɛʈunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
| çɛňɛʈun gɛgugiwgɛ |
çɛňɛʈun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛçɛňɛʈun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
|
The potential infix displays two possible forms, -jɛʈ or -jɛʈ. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect. It merges with the 3rd singular person ending, palatalizing -ʈ into -c.
Non-finite forms
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Infinitive
|
indicative |
subjuncitve |
optative |
potential
|
| imp. pres. |
gɛgugiwgɛ |
gɛgugiwňiwgɛ |
gɛgugušiwgɛ |
gɛgugjɛʈiwgɛ
|
| imp. past |
hɛgɛgugiwgɛ |
hɛgɛgugiwňiwgɛ |
hɛgɛgugušiwgɛ |
hɛgɛgugjɛʈiwgɛ
|
| imp. pres. |
gugɛgiwgɛ |
gugɛgiwňiwgɛ |
gugɛgušiwgɛ |
gugɛgjɛʈiwgɛ
|
| imp. past |
hɛgugɛgiwgɛ |
hɛgugɛgiwňiwgɛ |
hɛgugɛgušiwgɛ |
hɛgugɛgjɛʈiwgɛ
|
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a 2nd class noun.
In its subjunctive form it is often used as object or subject of other subordinative verbs, like the negative verbs, the modal verbs or in dependent clauses in their infinitival type.
Direct objects of the infinitival forms are declined in the ablative case.
Participle
There are two participial forms, the agentive participle and the passive participle. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the preterite root.
The agentive participle is formed through the ending -īdu, while the passive participle through the ending -ugi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
|
imperfective |
perfective
|
|
present |
past |
present |
past
|
| agentive |
gɛgugīdu |
hɛgɛgugīdu |
gugɛgīdu |
hɛgugɛgīdu
|
| passive |
gɛgugjugiw |
hɛgɛgugjugiw |
gugɛgjugiw |
hɛgugɛgjugiw
|
The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is often used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it thus displays a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes, but agreeing with its adjoining noun.
The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses.
