User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of a regular verb

Example: gɛgugiwgɛ, to bring

Indicative mood

Four tenses are simple:

	imperfective		perfective
	present	past	present	past
1st sing.	gɛgugū	hɛgɛgugū	gugɛgū	hɛgugɛgū
2nd sing.	gɛgugir	hɛgɛgugir	gugɛgir	hɛgugɛgir
3rd sing.	gɛgugjɛc1	hɛgɛgugjɛc1	gugɛgjɛc1	hɛgugɛgjɛc1
	gɛgug2	hɛgɛgug2	gugɛg2	hɛgugɛg2
1st dual	gɛgugiwhū	hɛgɛgugiwhū	gugɛgiwhū	hɛgugɛgiwhū
2nd dual	gɛgugiwhir	hɛgɛgugiwhir	gugɛgiwhir	hɛgugɛgiwhir
3rd dual	gɛgugiwcɛc	hɛgɛgugiwcɛc	gugɛgiwcɛc	hɛgugɛgiwcɛc
	gɛgugiwh	hɛgɛgugiwh	gugɛgiwh	hɛgugɛgiwh
1st plur.	gɛgugunū	hɛgɛgugunū	gugɛgunū	hɛgugɛgunū
2nd plur.	gɛgugunir	hɛgɛgugunir	gugɛgunir	hɛgugɛgunir
3rd plur.	gɛgugunjɛc	hɛgɛgugunjɛc	gugɛgunjɛc	hɛgugɛgunjɛc
	gɛgugun	hɛgɛgugun	gugɛgun	hɛgugɛgun

• ¹ this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:

cɛgiliwgɛ → cɛgiʎɛc
to say → he/she/it says

lilušiwgɛ → lilušɛc
to see → he/she/it sees

• ² this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:

čiwguliwgɛ → čiwgū
to come → he/she/it comes

There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:

• Imperfective future: forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
• Resultative present: forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
• Resultative past: forms of the indicative past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.

	imperfective future	resultative present	resultative past
1st sing.	çɛňū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2nd sing.	çɛňir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3rd sing.	çɛňɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
	çɛň gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1st dual	çɛňiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2nd dual	çeňiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3rd dual	çɛňiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
	çeňiwh gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1st plur.	çɛňunū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2nd plur.	çɛňunir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3rd plur.	çɛňunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
	çɛňun gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive widely features the infix -iwň-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings.

Four tenses are simple:

	imperfective		perfective
	present	past	present	past
1st sing.	gɛgugiwňū	hɛgɛgugiwňū	gugɛgiwňū	hɛgugɛgiwňū
2nd sing.	gɛgugiwňir	hɛgɛgugiwňir	gugɛgiwňir	hɛgugɛgiwňir
3rd sing.	gɛgugiwňɛc	hɛgɛgugiwňɛc	gugɛgiwňɛc	hɛgugɛgiwňɛc
	gɛgugiwň	hɛgɛgugiwň	gugɛgiwň	hɛgugɛgiwň
1st dual	gɛgugiwňiwhū	hɛgɛgugiwňiwhū	gugɛgiwňiwhū	hɛgugɛgiwňiwhū
2nd dual	gɛgugiwňiwhir	hɛgɛgugiwňiwhir	gugɛgiwňiwhir	hɛgugɛgiwňiwhir
3rd dual	gɛgugiwňiwcɛc	hɛgɛgugiwňiwcɛc	gugɛgiwňiwcɛc	hɛgugɛgiwňiwcɛc
	gɛgugiwňiwh	hɛgɛgugiwňiwh	gugɛgiwňiwh	hɛgugɛgiwňiwh
1st plur.	gɛgugiwňunū	hɛgɛgugiwňunū	gugɛgiwňunū	hɛgugɛgiwňunū
2nd plur.	gɛgugiwňunir	hɛgɛgugiwňunir	gugɛgiwňunir	hɛgugɛgiwňunir
3rd plur.	gɛgugiwňunjɛc	hɛgɛgugiwňunjɛc	gugɛgiwňunjɛc	hɛgugɛgiwňunjɛc
	gɛgugiwňun	hɛgɛgugiwňun	gugɛgiwňun	hɛgugɛgiwňun

Forms of the simple tenses in the subjunctive mood usually do not display other irregularities.

There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:

• Imperfective future: forms of the subjunctive present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
• Resultative present: forms of the subjunctive present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
• Resultative past: forms of the subjunctive past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.

	imperfective future	resultative present	resultative past
1st sing.	çɛňiwňū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2nd sing.	çɛňiwňir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3rd sing.	çɛňiwňɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
	çɛňiwň gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1st dual	çɛňiwňiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2nd dual	çeňiwňiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3rd dual	çɛňiwňiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
	çeňiwňiwh gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1st plur.	çɛňiwňunū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2nd plur.	çɛňiwňunir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3rd plur.	çɛňiwňunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
	çɛňiwňun gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ

Optative mood

The optative widely features the infix -uš-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings.

Four tenses are simple:

	imperfective		perfective
	present	past	present	past
1st sing.	gɛgugušū	hɛgɛgugušū	gugɛgušū	hɛgugɛgušū
2nd sing.	gɛgugušir	hɛgɛgugušir	gugɛgušir	hɛgugɛgušir
3rd sing.	gɛgugušɛc	hɛgɛgugušɛc	gugɛgušɛc	hɛgugɛgušɛc
	gɛguguš	hɛgɛguguš	gugɛguš	hɛgugɛguš
1st dual	gɛgugušiwhū	hɛgɛgugušiwhū	gugɛgušiwhū	hɛgugɛgušiwhū
2nd dual	gɛgugušiwhir	hɛgɛgugušiwhir	gugɛgušiwhir	hɛgugɛgušiwhir
3rd dual	gɛgugušiwcɛc	hɛgɛgugušiwcɛc	gugɛgušiwcɛc	hɛgugɛgušiwcɛc
	gɛgugušiwh	hɛgɛgugušiwh	gugɛgušiwh	hɛgugɛgušiwh
1st plur.	gɛgugušunū	hɛgɛgugušunū	gugɛgušunū	hɛgugɛgušunū
2nd plur.	gɛgugušunir	hɛgɛgugušunir	gugɛgušunir	hɛgugɛgušunir
3rd plur.	gɛgugušunjɛc	hɛgɛgugušunjɛc	gugɛgušunjɛc	hɛgugɛgušunjɛc
	gɛgugušun	hɛgɛgugušun	gugɛgušun	hɛgugɛgušun

Forms of the simple tenses in the optative mood usually do not display other irregularities.

There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:

• Imperfective future: forms of the optative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
• Resultative present: forms of the optative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
• Resultative past: forms of the optative past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.

	imperfective future	resultative present	resultative past
1st sing.	çɛňušū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2nd sing.	çɛňušir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3rd sing.	çɛňušɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
	çɛňuš gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňuš hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňuš hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1st dual	çɛňušiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2nd dual	çeňušiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3rd dual	çɛňušiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
	çeňušiwh gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1st plur.	çɛňušunū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2nd plur.	çɛňušunir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3rd plur.	çɛňušunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
	çɛňušun gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ

Potential mood

The potential widely features the infix -jɛʈ- (or its palatalizing version, -ɛʈ-), which is placed between the roots and the personal endings.

Four tenses are simple:

	imperfective		perfective
	present	past	present	past
1st sing.	gɛgugušū	hɛgɛgugušū	gugɛgušū	hɛgugɛgušū
2nd sing.	gɛgugušir	hɛgɛgugušir	gugɛgušir	hɛgugɛgušir
3rd sing.	gɛgugušɛc	hɛgɛgugušɛc	gugɛgušɛc	hɛgugɛgušɛc
	gɛguguš	hɛgɛguguš	gugɛguš	hɛgugɛguš
1st dual	gɛgugušiwhū	hɛgɛgugušiwhū	gugɛgušiwhū	hɛgugɛgušiwhū
2nd dual	gɛgugušiwhir	hɛgɛgugušiwhir	gugɛgušiwhir	hɛgugɛgušiwhir
3rd dual	gɛgugušiwcɛc	hɛgɛgugušiwcɛc	gugɛgušiwcɛc	hɛgugɛgušiwcɛc
	gɛgugušiwh	hɛgɛgugušiwh	gugɛgušiwh	hɛgugɛgušiwh
1st plur.	gɛgugušunū	hɛgɛgugušunū	gugɛgušunū	hɛgugɛgušunū
2nd plur.	gɛgugušunir	hɛgɛgugušunir	gugɛgušunir	hɛgugɛgušunir
3rd plur.	gɛgugušunjɛc	hɛgɛgugušunjɛc	gugɛgušunjɛc	hɛgugɛgušunjɛc
	gɛgugušun	hɛgɛgugušun	gugɛgušun	hɛgugɛgušun

Forms of the simple tenses in the optative mood usually do not display other irregularities.

There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:

• Imperfective future: forms of the optative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
• Resultative present: forms of the optative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
• Resultative past: forms of the optative past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.

	imperfective future	resultative present	resultative past
1st sing.	çɛňušū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2nd sing.	çɛňušir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3rd sing.	çɛňušɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
	çɛňuš gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňuš hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňuš hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1st dual	çɛňušiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2nd dual	çeňušiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3rd dual	çɛňušiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
	çeňušiwh gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1st plur.	çɛňušunū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2nd plur.	çɛňušunir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3rd plur.	çɛňušunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
	çɛňušun gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňušun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňušun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ

Conditional mood

	imperfective		perfective
	present	past	present	past
1st sing.	lī́lopɑtsow	ʔalī́lopɑtsow	lolī́pɑtsow	ʔalolī́pɑtsow
2nd sing.	lī́lopɑtser	ʔalī́lopɑtser	lolī́pɑtser	ʔalolī́pɑtser
3rd sing.	lī́lopɑtsɑt	ʔalī́lopɑtsɑt	lolī́pɑtsɑt	ʔalolī́pɑtsɑt
	lī́lopɑts	ʔalī́lopɑts	lolī́pɑts	ʔalolī́pɑts
1st plur.	lī́lopɑtsonow	ʔalī́lopɑtsonow	lolī́pɑtsonow	ʔalolī́pɑtsonow
2nd plur.	lī́lopɑtsoner	ʔalī́lopɑtsoner	lolī́pɑtsoner	ʔalolī́pɑtsoner
3rd plur.	lī́lopɑtsonɑt	ʔalī́lopɑtsonɑt	lolī́pɑtsonɑt	ʔalolī́pɑtsonɑt
	lī́lopɑtson	ʔalī́lopɑtson	lolī́pɑtson	ʔalolī́pɑtson

The conditional mood conveys mainly the intrinsic potentiality of an action or a state, both in main and in dependent clauses. It may also convey wish or hope.

For this reason the present tense usually refer to future actions, while the past tenses are used to refer to future actions in the past (the past perfective is routinely used as future in the past tense).

Non-finite forms

Infinitive

	indicative	subjuncitve	conditional
imp. pres.	lī́lopɑme	lī́lopiñɑme	lī́lopɑtsɑme
imp. pres.	ʔalī́lopɑme	ʔalī́lopiñɑme	ʔalī́lopɑtsɑme
imp. pres.	lolī́pɑme	lolī́piñɑme	lolī́pɑtsɑme
imp. pres.	ʔalolī́pɑme	ʔalolī́piñɑme	ʔalolī́pɑtsɑme

The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a 2^nd class noun.

In its subjunctive form it is often used as object or subject of other subordinative verbs, like the negative verbs, the modal verbs or in dependent clauses in their infinitival type.

Direct objects of the infinitival forms are declined in the ablative case.

Agentive participle

	indicative	subjuncitve	conditional
imp. pres.	lī́lopī́to	lī́lopiñī́to	lī́lopɑtsī́to
imp. pres.	ʔalī́lopī́to	ʔalī́lopiñī́to	ʔalī́lopɑtsī́to
imp. pres.	lolī́pī́to	lolī́piñī́to	lolī́pɑtsī́to
imp. pres.	ʔalolī́pī́to	ʔalolī́piñī́to	ʔalolī́pɑtsī́to

The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.

It is usually used to build relative clauses, in which the subject is the linked noun, and the direct object is declined in the ablative case:

ʔṓnašu ʔalolī́pɑtsī́toli wī́roli
the man which might have seen the woman

As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.

Passive participle

	indicative	subjuncitve	conditional
imp. pres.	lī́lopuki	lī́lopiñuki	lī́lopɑtsuki
imp. pres.	ʔalī́lopuki	ʔalī́lopiñuki	ʔalī́lopɑtsuki
imp. pres.	lolī́puki	lolī́piñuki	lolī́pɑtsuki
imp. pres.	ʔalolī́puki	ʔalolī́piñuki	ʔalolī́pɑtsuki

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.

Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses, in which the object is the linked noun, and the subject is declined in the agentive case. In the earlier period it is not used in this role.

wī́roli ʔalolī́puki ʔṓna
the woman seen by the man

As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.