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| ===Conjugation of a regular verb=== | | === Conjugation of a regular verb === |
| Sample verb: '''minušjid''' (<small>munišjid, minušug, minušaža, minuš-/muniš-</small>), ''to twist'', ''to bend''
| | Example: lī́lopɑme, ''to see'' |
|
| |
|
| ====Indicative mood==== | | ====Indicative mood==== |
|
| |
| =====Present tense=====
| |
| The '''present''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wẽv</center> || <center>minušjid wĩvs</center> || <center>minušug wẽv</center> || <center>minušug wĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wẽr</center> || <center>minušjid wĩrs</center> || <center>minušug wẽr</center> || <center>minušug wĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wẽh</center> || <center>minušjid wĩs</center> || <center>minušug wẽh</center> || <center>minušug wĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wẽnõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩns</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wẽnõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wẽrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩrõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wẽrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wẽžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩžõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wẽžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
|
| |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
|
| |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid wẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid wĩvs
| |
| <small>I see you → I don't see you</small>
| |
|
| |
| The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.
| |
|
| |
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wẽv</center> || <center>munišjid wĩvs</center> || <center>munišug wẽv</center> || <center>munišug wĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wẽr</center> || <center>munišjid wĩrs</center> || <center>munišug wẽr</center> || <center>munišug wĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wẽh</center> || <center>munišjid wĩs</center> || <center>munišug wẽh</center> || <center>munišug wĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wẽnõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩns</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wẽnõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wẽrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩrõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wẽrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wẽžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩžõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wẽžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
|
| |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
|
| |
| ort nwẽt aruřišjid wẽv → ort nwẽt aruřišjid wĩvs
| |
| <small>I used to see you → I didn't see you</small>
| |
|
| |
| The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.
| |
|
| |
| =====Past tense=====
| |
| The '''past''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽv</center> || <center>minušjid jĩvs</center> || <center>minušug jẽv</center> || <center>minušug jĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽr</center> || <center>minušjid jĩrs</center> || <center>minušug jẽr</center> || <center>minušug jĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽh</center> || <center>minušjid jĩs</center> || <center>minušug jẽh</center> || <center>minušug jĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽnõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩns</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽnõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩrõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩžõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
|
| |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
|
| |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
| |
| <small>I saw you → I didn't see you</small>
| |
|
| |
| The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.
| |
|
| |
| =====Pluperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽv</center> || <center>munišjid jĩvs</center> || <center>munišug jẽv</center> || <center>munišug jĩvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽr</center> || <center>munišjid jĩrs</center> || <center>munišug jẽr</center> || <center>munišug jĩrs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽh</center> || <center>munišjid jĩs</center> || <center>munišug jẽh</center> || <center>munišug jĩs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽnõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩns</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽnõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩrõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩžõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
|
| |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
|
| |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
| |
| <small>I had seen you → I hadn't seen you</small>
| |
|
| |
| The plusperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.
| |
|
| |
| =====Future tense=====
| |
| The '''future''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb mid, ''to go''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center> | | | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center> |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid mjov</center> || <center>minušjid mjuvs</center> || <center>minušug mjov</center> || <center>minušug mjuvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid mjer</center> || <center>minušjid mjirs</center> || <center>minušug mjer</center> || <center>minušug mjirs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid mješ</center> || <center>minušjid mjiš</center> || <center>minušug mješ</center> || <center>minušug mjiš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ mjõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ mjũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ mjerõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ mjirũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjerõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjirũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ mježõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ mjižũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mježõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ mjižũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future tense. The present forms are used to convey this tense.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid mjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid mjuvs
| |
| <small>I will see you → I won't see you</small>
| |
| | |
| The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.
| |
| | |
| =====Anterior future tense=====
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, ''to go''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid imjov</center> || <center>minušjid imjuvs</center> || <center>minušug imjov</center> || <center>minušug imjuvs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid imir</center> || <center>minušjid imirs</center> || <center>minušug imir</center> || <center>minušug imirs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid imeš</center> || <center>minušjid imiš</center> || <center>minušug imeš</center> || <center>minušug imiš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ imjõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ imjũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imjõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imjũs</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ imirõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ imirũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imirõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imirũs</center> | | | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ imižõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ imižũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imižõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ imižũs</center> | | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopow</center> || <center>lolī́pow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pow</center> |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the anterior future tense.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
| |
| <small>I will have seen you → I won't have seen you</small>
| |
| | |
| The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.
| |
| | |
| =====Future in the past tense=====
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, ''to go''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́loper</center> || <center>ʔalī́loper</center> || <center>lolī́per</center> || <center>ʔalolī́per</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> | | | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑt</center> || <center>lolī́pɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑt</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid imjov</center> || <center>munišjid imjuvs</center> || <center>munišug imjov</center> || <center>munišug imjuvs</center>
| | | <center>lī́lop</center> || <center>ʔalī́lop</center> || <center>lolī́p</center> || <center>ʔalolī́p</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid imir</center> || <center>munišjid imirs</center> || <center>munišug imir</center> || <center>munišug imirs</center> | | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́loponow</center> || <center>ʔalī́loponow</center> || <center>lolī́ponow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́ponow</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid imeš</center> || <center>munišjid imiš</center> || <center>munišug imeš</center> || <center>munišug imiš</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́loponer</center> || <center>ʔalī́loponer</center> || <center>lolī́poner</center> || <center>ʔalolī́poner</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ imjõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ imjũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imjõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imjũs</center> | | | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́loponɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́loponɑt</center> || <center>lolī́ponɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́ponɑt</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ imirõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ imirũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imirõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imirũs</center>
| | | <center>lī́lopon</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopon</center> || <center>lolī́pon</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pon</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ imižõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ imižũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imižõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ imižũs</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
| | | The indicative mood conveys mainly true and certain actions or state, or at least regarded as such. It is the most used verbal mood in main clauses. |
| | |
| Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future in the past tense. The past or plurperfect conditional forms are used to convey this tense.
| |
| | |
| The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
| |
| | |
| ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
| |
| <small>I would see you → I would not see you</small>
| |
| | |
| The future in the past tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Subjunctive mood==== | | ====Subjunctive mood==== |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.
| |
|
| |
| The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the subjunctive forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be'', replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the subjunctive lacks any future tense.
| |
|
| |
| =====Present tense=====
| |
| The '''present''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center> | | | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> | | | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũšev</center> || <center>minušjid wũšivs</center> || <center>minušug wũšev</center> || <center>minušug wũšivs</center> | | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñow</center> || <center>lolī́piñow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñow</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũšr</center> || <center>minušjid wũšris</center> || <center>minušug wũšr</center> || <center>minušug wũšris</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñer</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñer</center> || <center>lolī́piñer</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñer</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũš</center> || <center>minušjid wũšis</center> || <center>minušug wũš</center> || <center>minušug wũšis</center> | | | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñɑt</center> || <center>lolī́piñɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñɑt</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšũs</center>
| | | <center>lī́lopiñ</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñ</center> || <center>lolī́piñ</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñ</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrũs</center> | | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñonow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñonow</center> || <center>lolī́piñonow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñonow</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũžũs</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñoner</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñoner</center> || <center>lolī́piñoner</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñoner</center> |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center> | | | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopiñonɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñonɑt</center> || <center>lolī́piñonɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́ponɑt</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| | | <center>lī́lopiñon</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñon</center> || <center>lolī́piñon</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñon</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũšev</center> || <center>munišjid wũšivs</center> || <center>munišug wũšev</center> || <center>munišug wũšivs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũšr</center> || <center>munišjid wũšris</center> || <center>munišug wũšr</center> || <center>munišug wũšris</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũš</center> || <center>munišjid wũšis</center> || <center>munišug wũš</center> || <center>munišug wũšis</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšrũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũžũs</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
| | The subjunctive is mainly used as a dependent mood, with or without any subordinative conjunctions. In main clauses it may convey wish or exhortation, being thus used also as an imperative form. |
|
| |
|
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| | ====Conditional mood==== |
| | |
| =====Past tense===== | |
| The '''past''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center> | | | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>perfective</small>''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> | | | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>past</small>''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũšev</center> || <center>minušjid jũšivs</center> || <center>minušug jũšev</center> || <center>minušug jũšivs</center> | | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsow</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsow</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũšr</center> || <center>minušjid jũšris</center> || <center>minušug jũšr</center> || <center>minušug jũšris</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtser</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtser</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtser</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtser</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũš</center> || <center>minušjid jũšis</center> || <center>minušug jũš</center> || <center>minušug jũšis</center> | | | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsɑt</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsɑt</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšũs</center>
| | | <center>lī́lopɑts</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑts</center> || <center>lolī́pɑts</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑts</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšrũs</center> | | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsonow</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsonow</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsonow</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsonow</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũžũs</center>
| | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsoner</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsoner</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsoner</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsoner</center> |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| |
| | |
| =====Pluperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũšev</center> || <center>munišjid jũšivs</center> || <center>munišug jũšev</center> || <center>munišug jũšivs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũšr</center> || <center>munišjid jũšris</center> || <center>munišug jũšr</center> || <center>munišug jũšris</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũš</center> || <center>munišjid jũšis</center> || <center>munišug jũš</center> || <center>munišug jũšis</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšũs</center> | | | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑtsonɑt</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsonɑt</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsonɑt</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsonɑt</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšrũs</center>
| | | <center>lī́lopɑtson</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtson</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtson</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtson</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũžũs</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
| | The conditional mood conveys mainly the intrinsic potentiality of an action or a state, both in main and in dependent clauses. It may also convey wish or hope. |
|
| |
|
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| | For this reason the present tense usually refer to future actions, while the past tenses are used to refer to future actions in the past (the past perfective is routinely used as future in the past tense). |
| | | ====Non-finite forms==== |
| ====Conditional mood==== | | =====Infinitive===== |
| The '''conditional ''' mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a limited manner, it may also convey wish and desire.
| |
| | |
| The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the conditional forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be'', replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the conditional lacks any future tense.
| |
| | |
| =====Present tense===== | |
| The '''present''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| | | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center> |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wĩšev</center> || <center>minušjid wĩšivs</center> || <center>minušug wĩšev</center> || <center>minušug wĩšivs</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wĩšr</center> || <center>minušjid wĩšris</center> || <center>minušug wĩšr</center> || <center>minušug wĩšris</center> | | | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑme</center> || <center>lī́lopiñɑme</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsɑme</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wĩh</center> || <center>minušjid wĩš</center> || <center>minušug wĩh</center> || <center>minušug wĩš</center> | | | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopɑme</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñɑme</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsɑme</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wĩšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩšõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩšũs</center> | | | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́pɑme</center> || <center>lolī́piñɑme</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsɑme</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wĩšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩšrũs</center> | | | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́pɑme</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñɑme</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsɑme</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wĩžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wĩžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wĩžũs</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| | The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class noun. |
| | |
| =====Imperfect tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wĩšev</center> || <center>munišjid wĩšivs</center> || <center>munišug wĩšev</center> || <center>munišug wĩšivs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wĩšr</center> || <center>munišjid wĩšris</center> || <center>munišug wĩšr</center> || <center>munišug wĩšris</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wĩh</center> || <center>munišjid wĩš</center> || <center>munišug wĩh</center> || <center>munišug wĩš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wĩšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩšũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wĩšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩšrũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wĩžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wĩžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wĩžũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| | In its subjunctive form it is often used as object or subject of other subordinative verbs, like the negative verbs, the modal verbs or in dependent clauses in their infinitival type. |
|
| |
|
| =====Past tense=====
| | Direct objects of the infinitival forms are declined in the ''ablative'' case. |
| The '''past''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
| |
|
| |
|
| | =====Agentive participle===== |
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center> | | | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> | | | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsī́to</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jĩšev</center> || <center>minušjid jĩšivs</center> || <center>minušug jĩšev</center> || <center>minušug jĩšivs</center> | | | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsī́to</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jĩšr</center> || <center>minušjid jĩšris</center> || <center>minušug jĩšr</center> || <center>minušug jĩšris</center> | | | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́pī́to</center> || <center>lolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsī́to</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jĩh</center> || <center>minušjid jĩš</center> || <center>minušug jĩh</center> || <center>minušug jĩš</center> | | | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́pī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsī́to</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jĩšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩšõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩšũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jĩšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩšrũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jĩžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩžũs</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| | The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. |
|
| |
|
| =====Pluperfect tense=====
| | It is usually used to build relative clauses, in which the subject is the linked noun, and the direct object is declined in the ''ablative'' case: |
| The '''pluperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | ʔṓnašu ʔalolī́pɑtsī́toli wī́roli |
| |-
| | <small>the man which might have seen the woman</small> |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jĩšev</center> || <center>munišjid jĩšivs</center> || <center>munišug jĩšev</center> || <center>munišug jĩšivs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jĩšr</center> || <center>munišjid jĩšris</center> || <center>munišug jĩšr</center> || <center>munišug jĩšris</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jĩh</center> || <center>munišjid jĩš</center> || <center>munišug jĩh</center> || <center>munišug jĩš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jĩšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩšũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jĩšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩšrũs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jĩžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩžũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
| | As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun. |
| | |
| ====Resultative====
| |
| The '''resultative''' is an extratemporal and extramodal form, which strongly stresses upon the result of the completed action or state. It has only a "present form", which conveys the result of a previous action, with a strong influence on the ongoing events (<small>for example: ''i have won'' = ''I am the winner''</small>).
| |
| | |
| The resultative is built with the resultative participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. It has no passive counterparts.
| |
|
| |
|
| | =====Passive participle===== |
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>resultative</small>''</center> | | | style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> | | | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopuki</center> || <center>lī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsuki</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišaža wẽv</center> || <center>munišaža wĩvs</center> | | | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsuki</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišaža wẽr</center> || <center>munišaža wĩrs</center> | | | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́puki</center> || <center>lolī́piñuki</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsuki</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišaža wẽh</center> || <center>munišaža wĩs</center> | | | ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́puki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñuki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsuki</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišaža wẽnõ</center> || <center>munišaža wĩns</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišaža wẽrõ</center> || <center>munišaža wĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišaža wẽžõ</center> || <center>munišaža wĩžõs</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| The modal verbs have no resultative forms. The resultative participle is indeclinable and does not agree with the subject. | | The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. |
|
| |
|
| ====Archaic forms====
| | Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses, in which the object is the linked noun, and the subject is declined in the ''agentive'' case. In the earlier period it is not used in this role. |
| In the earlier modern period, all verbs have a complete conjugation with simple forms in the present and in the imperfect tense. In these archaic tenses, old forms of personal endings are added to the present root and to the past root, respectively.
| |
|
| |
|
| Example:
| | wī́roli ʔalolī́puki ʔṓna |
| | | <small>the woman seen by the man</small> |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>resultative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušov</center> || <center>munišov</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušr</center> || <center>munišr</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušeh</center> || <center>munišeh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušõ</center> || <center>munišõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušrõ</center> || <center>munišrõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušežõ</center> || <center>munišežõ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| These forms are regarded as obsolete in modern texts, but they may be found in older texts, in intentionally old-style modern texts and in some conservative dialects. Even in these cases, only some verbs keep these forms.
| | As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun. |
