User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.


====Potential mood====
====Conditional mood====
The '''potential''' mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a figurative sense it may convey doubt and uncertainty.
The '''conditional ''' mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a limited manner, it may also convey wish and desire.


The potential widely features the infix -eč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.
The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the conditional forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be'', replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the conditional lacks any future tense.
 
=====Present tense=====
The '''present''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>preterite</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>perfect</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>plusquamperfect</small>''</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečow</center> || <center>asusōnečow</center> || <center>sōsunečagow</center> || <center>asusōnečagow</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečər</center> || <center>asusōnečər</center> || <center>sōsunečagər</center> || <center>asusōnečagər</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũšev</center> || <center>minušjid wũšivs</center> || <center>minušug wũšev</center> || <center>minušug wũšivs</center>
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečeš</center> || <center>asusōnečeš</center> || <center>sōsunečageš</center> || <center>asusōnečageš</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũšr</center> || <center>minušjid wũšris</center> || <center>minušug wũšr</center> || <center>minušug wũšris</center>
|-
|-
| <center>sōsuneč</center> || <center>asusōneč</center> || <center>sōsunečag</center> || <center>asusōnečag</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũš</center> || <center>minušjid wũšis</center> || <center>minušug wũš</center> || <center>minušug wũšis</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũžũs</center>
|}
 
Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
 
=====Imperfect tense=====
The '''imperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũšev</center> || <center>munišjid wũšivs</center> || <center>munišug wũšev</center> || <center>munišug wũšivs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũšr</center> || <center>munišjid wũšris</center> || <center>munišug wũšr</center> || <center>munišug wũšris</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũš</center> || <center>munišjid wũšis</center> || <center>munišug wũš</center> || <center>munišug wũšis</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšrũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũžũs</center>
|}
 
Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
 
=====Past tense=====
The '''past''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũšev</center> || <center>minušjid jũšivs</center> || <center>minušug jũšev</center> || <center>minušug jũšivs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũšr</center> || <center>minušjid jũšris</center> || <center>minušug jũšr</center> || <center>minušug jũšris</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũš</center> || <center>minušjid jũšis</center> || <center>minušug jũš</center> || <center>minušug jũšis</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšrũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũžũs</center>
|}
 
Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
 
=====Pluperfect tense=====
The '''pluperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunečohi</center> || <center>asusōnečohi</center> || <center>sōsunečagohi</center> || <center>asusōnečagohi</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunečəri</center> || <center>asusōnečəri</center> || <center>sōsunečagəri</center> || <center>asusōnečagəri</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunečeši</center> || <center>asusōnečeši</center> || <center>sōsunečageši</center> || <center>asusōnečageši</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũšev</center> || <center>munišjid jũšivs</center> || <center>munišug jũšev</center> || <center>munišug jũšivs</center>
|-
|-
| <center>sōsuneči</center> || <center>asusōneči</center> || <center>sōsunečagi</center> || <center>asusōnečagi</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũšr</center> || <center>munišjid jũšris</center> || <center>munišug jũšr</center> || <center>munišug jũšris</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečohon</center> || <center>asusōnečohon</center> || <center>sōsunečagohon</center> || <center>asusōnečagohon</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũš</center> || <center>munišjid jũšis</center> || <center>munišug jũš</center> || <center>munišug jũšis</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečəron</center> || <center>asusōnečəron</center> || <center>sōsunečagəron</center> || <center>asusōnečagəron</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšũs</center>
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunečešon</center> || <center>asusōnečešon</center> || <center>sōsunečagešon</center> || <center>asusōnečagešon</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšrũs</center>
|-
|-
| <center>sōsunečon</center> || <center>asusōnečon</center> || <center>sōsunečagon</center> || <center>asusōnečagon</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũžũs</center>
|}
|}


====Non-finite forms====
Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
The non-finite verbal forms are:


======Infinitive======
====Subjunctive mood====
There are two infinitival forms, the ''primary infinitive'', which is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and the ''secondary infinitive''. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the ''present root'' and on the ''preterite root''.
The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.


The '''primary infinitive''' is formed through the ending -em, while the '''secondary infinitive''' through the ending -iga.
The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the subjunctive forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be'', replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the subjunctive lacks any future tense.
 
=====Present tense=====
The '''present''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>preterite</small>''</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>primary</small>'' || <center>sōsunem</center> || <center>asusōnem</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>secondary</small>'' || <center>sōsuniga</center> || <center>asusōniga</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũšev</center> || <center>minušjid wũšivs</center> || <center>minušug wũšev</center> || <center>minušug wũšivs</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũšr</center> || <center>minušjid wũšris</center> || <center>minušug wũšr</center> || <center>minušug wũšris</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid wũš</center> || <center>minušjid wũšis</center> || <center>minušug wũš</center> || <center>minušug wũšis</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũšrũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ wũžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ wũžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ wũžũs</center>
|}
|}


Both infinitives are nominal forms of a verb. They can be used as such in sentences and they can be declined. They are regarded as class II nouns.  
Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.


They have different usages:
=====Imperfect tense=====
*The primary infinitive is mostly used in main clauses as a verbal noun, with modal verbs or with the negative verb īsem.
The '''imperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
*The secondary infinitive is mostly used in dependent clauses, or in the verbal conjugation for the formation of the future tenses.  


Their usage as a pure nominal form as quite limited.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũšev</center> || <center>munišjid wũšivs</center> || <center>munišug wũšev</center> || <center>munišug wũšivs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũšr</center> || <center>munišjid wũšris</center> || <center>munišug wũšr</center> || <center>munišug wũšris</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid wũš</center> || <center>munišjid wũšis</center> || <center>munišug wũš</center> || <center>munišug wũšis</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũšrũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ wũžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ wũžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ wũžũs</center>
|}


======Participle======
Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
There are two participial forms, the ''agentive participle'' and the ''passive participle''. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the ''present root'' and on the ''preterite root''.


The '''agentive participle''' is formed through the ending -īdu, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -ugi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
=====Past tense=====
The '''past''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>preterite</small>''</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>agentive</small>'' || <center>sōsunīdu</center> || <center>asusōnīdu</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>passive</small>'' || <center>sōsunugi</center> || <center>asusōnugi</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũšev</center> || <center>minušjid jũšivs</center> || <center>minušug jũšev</center> || <center>minušug jũšivs</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũšr</center> || <center>minušjid jũšris</center> || <center>minušug jũšr</center> || <center>minušug jũšris</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jũš</center> || <center>minušjid jũšis</center> || <center>minušug jũš</center> || <center>minušug jũšis</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũšõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũšũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũšrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũšrũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũšrũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jũžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jũžũs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jũžũs</center>
|}
|}


The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is often used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it thus displays a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes, but agreeing with its adjoining noun.
Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.
 
=====Pluperfect tense=====
The '''pluperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũšev</center> || <center>munišjid jũšivs</center> || <center>munišug jũšev</center> || <center>munišug jũšivs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũšr</center> || <center>munišjid jũšris</center> || <center>munišug jũšr</center> || <center>munišug jũšris</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jũš</center> || <center>munišjid jũšis</center> || <center>munišug jũš</center> || <center>munišug jũšis</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũšõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũšũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũšrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũšrũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũšrũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jũžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jũžũs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jũžũs</center>
|}


The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses.
Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Revision as of 02:55, 19 June 2025

Conjugation of a regular verb

Sample verb: minušjid (munišjid, minušug, minušaža, minuš-/muniš-), to twist, to bend

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
minušjid wẽv
minušjid wĩvs
minušug wẽv
minušug wĩvs
2nd sing.
minušjid wẽr
minušjid wĩrs
minušug wẽr
minušug wĩrs
3rd sing.
minušjid wẽh
minušjid wĩs
minušug wẽh
minušug wĩs
1st plur.
minušjidũ wẽnõ
minušjidũ wĩns
minušuɣĩ wẽnõ
minušuɣĩ wĩns
2nd plur.
minušjidũ wẽrõ
minušjidũ wĩrõs
minušuɣĩ wẽrõ
minušuɣĩ wĩrõs
3rd plur.
minušjidũ wẽžõ
minušjidũ wĩžõs
minušuɣĩ wẽžõ
minušuɣĩ wĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb: 

ort nwẽt řirušjid wẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid wĩvs
I see you → I don't see you

The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
munišjid wẽv
munišjid wĩvs
munišug wẽv
munišug wĩvs
2nd sing.
munišjid wẽr
munišjid wĩrs
munišug wẽr
munišug wĩrs
3rd sing.
munišjid wẽh
munišjid wĩs
munišug wẽh
munišug wĩs
1st plur.
munišjidũ wẽnõ
munišjidũ wĩns
munišuɣĩ wẽnõ
munišuɣĩ wĩns
2nd plur.
munišjidũ wẽrõ
munišjidũ wĩrõs
munišuɣĩ wẽrõ
munišuɣĩ wĩrõs
3rd plur.
munišjidũ wẽžõ
munišjidũ wĩžõs
munišuɣĩ wẽžõ
munišuɣĩ wĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb: 

ort nwẽt aruřišjid wẽv → ort nwẽt aruřišjid wĩvs
I used to see you → I didn't see you

The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.

Past tense

The past is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
minušjid jẽv
minušjid jĩvs
minušug jẽv
minušug jĩvs
2nd sing.
minušjid jẽr
minušjid jĩrs
minušug jẽr
minušug jĩrs
3rd sing.
minušjid jẽh
minušjid jĩs
minušug jẽh
minušug jĩs
1st plur.
minušjidũ jẽnõ
minušjidũ jĩns
minušuɣĩ jẽnõ
minušuɣĩ jĩns
2nd plur.
minušjidũ jẽrõ
minušjidũ jĩrõs
minušuɣĩ jẽrõ
minušuɣĩ jĩrõs
3rd plur.
minušjidũ jẽžõ
minušjidũ jĩžõs
minušuɣĩ jẽžõ
minušuɣĩ jĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb: 

ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
I saw you → I didn't see you

The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
munišjid jẽv
munišjid jĩvs
munišug jẽv
munišug jĩvs
2nd sing.
munišjid jẽr
munišjid jĩrs
munišug jẽr
munišug jĩrs
3rd sing.
munišjid jẽh
munišjid jĩs
munišug jẽh
munišug jĩs
1st plur.
munišjidũ jẽnõ
munišjidũ jĩns
munišuɣĩ jẽnõ
munišuɣĩ jĩns
2nd plur.
munišjidũ jẽrõ
munišjidũ jĩrõs
munišuɣĩ jẽrõ
munišuɣĩ jĩrõs
3rd plur.
munišjidũ jẽžõ
munišjidũ jĩžõs
munišuɣĩ jẽžõ
munišuɣĩ jĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb: 

ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
I had seen you → I hadn't seen you

The plusperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.

Future tense

The future is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb mid, to go. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
minušjid mjov
minušjid mjuvs
minušug mjov
minušug mjuvs
2nd sing.
minušjid mjer
minušjid mjirs
minušug mjer
minušug mjirs
3rd sing.
minušjid mješ
minušjid mjiš
minušug mješ
minušug mjiš
1st plur.
minušjidũ mjõ
minušjidũ mjũs
minušuɣĩ mjõ
minušuɣĩ mjũs
2nd plur.
minušjidũ mjerõ
minušjidũ mjirũs
minušuɣĩ mjerõ
minušuɣĩ mjirũs
3rd plur.
minušjidũ mježõ
minušjidũ mjižũs
minušuɣĩ mježõ
minušuɣĩ mjižũs

Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future tense. The present forms are used to convey this tense.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb: 

ort nwẽt řirušjid mjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid mjuvs
I will see you → I won't see you

The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, to go. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
minušjid imjov
minušjid imjuvs
minušug imjov
minušug imjuvs
2nd sing.
minušjid imir
minušjid imirs
minušug imir
minušug imirs
3rd sing.
minušjid imeš
minušjid imiš
minušug imeš
minušug imiš
1st plur.
minušjidũ imjõ
minušjidũ imjũs
minušuɣĩ imjõ
minušuɣĩ imjũs
2nd plur.
minušjidũ imirõ
minušjidũ imirũs
minušuɣĩ imirõ
minušuɣĩ imirũs
3rd plur.
minušjidũ imižõ
minušjidũ imižũs
minušuɣĩ imižõ
minušuɣĩ imižũs

Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the anterior future tense.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb: 

ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
I will have seen you → I won't have seen you

The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, to go. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
munišjid imjov
munišjid imjuvs
munišug imjov
munišug imjuvs
2nd sing.
munišjid imir
munišjid imirs
munišug imir
munišug imirs
3rd sing.
munišjid imeš
munišjid imiš
munišug imeš
munišug imiš
1st plur.
munišjidũ imjõ
munišjidũ imjũs
munišuɣĩ imjõ
munišuɣĩ imjũs
2nd plur.
munišjidũ imirõ
munišjidũ imirũs
munišuɣĩ imirõ
munišuɣĩ imirũs
3rd plur.
munišjidũ imižõ
munišjidũ imižũs
munišuɣĩ imižõ
munišuɣĩ imižũs


Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future in the past tense. The past or plurperfect conditional forms are used to convey this tense.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb: 

ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
I would see you → I would not see you

The future in the past tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.

The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the subjunctive forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be, replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the subjunctive lacks any future tense.

Present tense

The present is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
minušjid wũšev
minušjid wũšivs
minušug wũšev
minušug wũšivs
2nd sing.
minušjid wũšr
minušjid wũšris
minušug wũšr
minušug wũšris
3rd sing.
minušjid wũš
minušjid wũšis
minušug wũš
minušug wũšis
1st plur.
minušjidũ wũšõ
minušjidũ wũšũs
minušuɣĩ wũšrõ
minušuɣĩ wũšũs
2nd plur.
minušjidũ wũšrõ
minušjidũ wũšrũs
minušuɣĩ wũšrõ
minušuɣĩ wũšrũs
3rd plur.
minušjidũ wũžõ
minušjidũ wũžũs
minušuɣĩ wũžõ
minušuɣĩ wũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
munišjid wũšev
munišjid wũšivs
munišug wũšev
munišug wũšivs
2nd sing.
munišjid wũšr
munišjid wũšris
munišug wũšr
munišug wũšris
3rd sing.
munišjid wũš
munišjid wũšis
munišug wũš
munišug wũšis
1st plur.
munišjidũ wũšõ
munišjidũ wũšũs
munišuɣĩ wũšõ
munišuɣĩ wũšũs
2nd plur.
munišjidũ wũšrõ
munišjidũ wũšrũs
munišuɣĩ wũšrõ
munišuɣĩ wũšrũs
3rd plur.
munišjidũ wũžõ
munišjidũ wũžũs
munišuɣĩ wũžõ
munišuɣĩ wũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Past tense

The past is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
minušjid jũšev
minušjid jũšivs
minušug jũšev
minušug jũšivs
2nd sing.
minušjid jũšr
minušjid jũšris
minušug jũšr
minušug jũšris
3rd sing.
minušjid jũš
minušjid jũšis
minušug jũš
minušug jũšis
1st plur.
minušjidũ jũšõ
minušjidũ jũšũs
minušuɣĩ jũšõ
minušuɣĩ jũšũs
2nd plur.
minušjidũ jũšrõ
minušjidũ jũšrũs
minušuɣĩ jũšrõ
minušuɣĩ jũšrũs
3rd plur.
minušjidũ jũžõ
minušjidũ jũžũs
minušuɣĩ jũžõ
minušuɣĩ jũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
munišjid jũšev
munišjid jũšivs
munišug jũšev
munišug jũšivs
2nd sing.
munišjid jũšr
munišjid jũšris
munišug jũšr
munišug jũšris
3rd sing.
munišjid jũš
munišjid jũšis
munišug jũš
munišug jũšis
1st plur.
munišjidũ jũšõ
munišjidũ jũšũs
munišuɣĩ jũšõ
munišuɣĩ jũšũs
2nd plur.
munišjidũ jũšrõ
munišjidũ jũšrũs
munišuɣĩ jũšrõ
munišuɣĩ jũšrũs
3rd plur.
munišjidũ jũžõ
munišjidũ jũžũs
munišuɣĩ jũžõ
munišuɣĩ jũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Conditional mood

The conditional mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a limited manner, it may also convey wish and desire.

The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the conditional forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be, replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the conditional lacks any future tense.

Present tense

The present is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
minušjid wũšev
minušjid wũšivs
minušug wũšev
minušug wũšivs
2nd sing.
minušjid wũšr
minušjid wũšris
minušug wũšr
minušug wũšris
3rd sing.
minušjid wũš
minušjid wũšis
minušug wũš
minušug wũšis
1st plur.
minušjidũ wũšõ
minušjidũ wũšũs
minušuɣĩ wũšrõ
minušuɣĩ wũšũs
2nd plur.
minušjidũ wũšrõ
minušjidũ wũšrũs
minušuɣĩ wũšrõ
minušuɣĩ wũšrũs
3rd plur.
minušjidũ wũžõ
minušjidũ wũžũs
minušuɣĩ wũžõ
minušuɣĩ wũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
munišjid wũšev
munišjid wũšivs
munišug wũšev
munišug wũšivs
2nd sing.
munišjid wũšr
munišjid wũšris
munišug wũšr
munišug wũšris
3rd sing.
munišjid wũš
munišjid wũšis
munišug wũš
munišug wũšis
1st plur.
munišjidũ wũšõ
munišjidũ wũšũs
munišuɣĩ wũšõ
munišuɣĩ wũšũs
2nd plur.
munišjidũ wũšrõ
munišjidũ wũšrũs
munišuɣĩ wũšrõ
munišuɣĩ wũšrũs
3rd plur.
munišjidũ wũžõ
munišjidũ wũžũs
munišuɣĩ wũžõ
munišuɣĩ wũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Past tense

The past is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
minušjid jũšev
minušjid jũšivs
minušug jũšev
minušug jũšivs
2nd sing.
minušjid jũšr
minušjid jũšris
minušug jũšr
minušug jũšris
3rd sing.
minušjid jũš
minušjid jũšis
minušug jũš
minušug jũšis
1st plur.
minušjidũ jũšõ
minušjidũ jũšũs
minušuɣĩ jũšõ
minušuɣĩ jũšũs
2nd plur.
minušjidũ jũšrõ
minušjidũ jũšrũs
minušuɣĩ jũšrõ
minušuɣĩ jũšrũs
3rd plur.
minušjidũ jũžõ
minušjidũ jũžũs
minušuɣĩ jũžõ
minušuɣĩ jũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
munišjid jũšev
munišjid jũšivs
munišug jũšev
munišug jũšivs
2nd sing.
munišjid jũšr
munišjid jũšris
munišug jũšr
munišug jũšris
3rd sing.
munišjid jũš
munišjid jũšis
munišug jũš
munišug jũšis
1st plur.
munišjidũ jũšõ
munišjidũ jũšũs
munišuɣĩ jũšõ
munišuɣĩ jũšũs
2nd plur.
munišjidũ jũšrõ
munišjidũ jũšrũs
munišuɣĩ jũšrõ
munišuɣĩ jũšrũs
3rd plur.
munišjidũ jũžõ
munišjidũ jũžũs
munišuɣĩ jũžõ
munišuɣĩ jũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.

The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the subjunctive forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be, replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the subjunctive lacks any future tense.

Present tense

The present is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
minušjid wũšev
minušjid wũšivs
minušug wũšev
minušug wũšivs
2nd sing.
minušjid wũšr
minušjid wũšris
minušug wũšr
minušug wũšris
3rd sing.
minušjid wũš
minušjid wũšis
minušug wũš
minušug wũšis
1st plur.
minušjidũ wũšõ
minušjidũ wũšũs
minušuɣĩ wũšrõ
minušuɣĩ wũšũs
2nd plur.
minušjidũ wũšrõ
minušjidũ wũšrũs
minušuɣĩ wũšrõ
minušuɣĩ wũšrũs
3rd plur.
minušjidũ wũžõ
minušjidũ wũžũs
minušuɣĩ wũžõ
minušuɣĩ wũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
munišjid wũšev
munišjid wũšivs
munišug wũšev
munišug wũšivs
2nd sing.
munišjid wũšr
munišjid wũšris
munišug wũšr
munišug wũšris
3rd sing.
munišjid wũš
munišjid wũšis
munišug wũš
munišug wũšis
1st plur.
munišjidũ wũšõ
munišjidũ wũšũs
munišuɣĩ wũšõ
munišuɣĩ wũšũs
2nd plur.
munišjidũ wũšrõ
munišjidũ wũšrũs
munišuɣĩ wũšrõ
munišuɣĩ wũšrũs
3rd plur.
munišjidũ wũžõ
munišjidũ wũžũs
munišuɣĩ wũžõ
munišuɣĩ wũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Past tense

The past is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
minušjid jũšev
minušjid jũšivs
minušug jũšev
minušug jũšivs
2nd sing.
minušjid jũšr
minušjid jũšris
minušug jũšr
minušug jũšris
3rd sing.
minušjid jũš
minušjid jũšis
minušug jũš
minušug jũšis
1st plur.
minušjidũ jũšõ
minušjidũ jũšũs
minušuɣĩ jũšõ
minušuɣĩ jũšũs
2nd plur.
minušjidũ jũšrõ
minušjidũ jũšrũs
minušuɣĩ jũšrõ
minušuɣĩ jũšrũs
3rd plur.
minušjidũ jũžõ
minušjidũ jũžũs
minušuɣĩ jũžõ
minušuɣĩ jũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
munišjid jũšev
munišjid jũšivs
munišug jũšev
munišug jũšivs
2nd sing.
munišjid jũšr
munišjid jũšris
munišug jũšr
munišug jũšris
3rd sing.
munišjid jũš
munišjid jũšis
munišug jũš
munišug jũšis
1st plur.
munišjidũ jũšõ
munišjidũ jũšũs
munišuɣĩ jũšõ
munišuɣĩ jũšũs
2nd plur.
munišjidũ jũšrõ
munišjidũ jũšrũs
munišuɣĩ jũšrõ
munišuɣĩ jũšrũs
3rd plur.
munišjidũ jũžõ
munišjidũ jũžũs
munišuɣĩ jũžõ
munišuɣĩ jũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

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