User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of a regular verb

Sample verb: minušjid (munišjid, minušug, minušaža, minuš-/muniš-), to twist, to bend

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	minušjid wẽv	minušjid wĩvs	minušug wẽv	minušug wĩvs
2nd sing.	minušjid wẽr	minušjid wĩrs	minušug wẽr	minušug wĩrs
3rd sing.	minušjid wẽh	minušjid wĩs	minušug wẽh	minušug wĩs
1st plur.	minušjidũ wẽnõ	minušjidũ wĩns	minušuɣĩ wẽnõ	minušuɣĩ wĩns
2nd plur.	minušjidũ wẽrõ	minušjidũ wĩrõs	minušuɣĩ wẽrõ	minušuɣĩ wĩrõs
3rd plur.	minušjidũ wẽžõ	minušjidũ wĩžõs	minušuɣĩ wẽžõ	minušuɣĩ wĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid wẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid wĩvs
I see you → I don't see you

The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	munišjid wẽv	munišjid wĩvs	munišug wẽv	munišug wĩvs
2nd sing.	munišjid wẽr	munišjid wĩrs	munišug wẽr	munišug wĩrs
3rd sing.	munišjid wẽh	munišjid wĩs	munišug wẽh	munišug wĩs
1st plur.	munišjidũ wẽnõ	munišjidũ wĩns	munišuɣĩ wẽnõ	munišuɣĩ wĩns
2nd plur.	munišjidũ wẽrõ	munišjidũ wĩrõs	munišuɣĩ wẽrõ	munišuɣĩ wĩrõs
3rd plur.	munišjidũ wẽžõ	munišjidũ wĩžõs	munišuɣĩ wẽžõ	munišuɣĩ wĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt aruřišjid wẽv → ort nwẽt aruřišjid wĩvs
I used to see you → I didn't see you

The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.

Preterite tense

The preterite is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the preterite root:

1st sing.	asusōnow
2nd sing.	asusōnər
3rd sing.	asusōneš
	asusōn
1st dual	asusōnohi
2nd dual	asusōnəri
3rd dual	asusōneši
	asusōni
1st plur.	asusōnohon
2nd plur.	asusōnəron
3rd plur.	asusōnešon
	asusōnon

In the short form of the 3^rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like an alteration of the last root consonant (basically the same alteration as in the present tense):

uligem → eluk
to die → he/she/it died

The preterite tense conveys completed, ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past, without any influence on the present.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a simple tense. The infix -ag- and the personal endings are added to the present root:

1st sing.	sōsunow
2nd sing.	sōsunagər
3rd sing.	sōsunageš
	sōsunag
1st dual	sōsunagohi
2nd dual	sōsunagəri
3rd dual	sōsunageši
	sōsunagi
1st plur.	sōsunagohon
2nd plur.	sōsunagəron
3rd plur.	sōsunagešon
	sōsunagon

The perfect tense conveys actions or states which have taken place in the past, but which still can have an influence on the present. It also may convey an action or a state which have begun in the past but it is still ongoing in the present.

Plusquamperfect tense

The plusquamperfect is a compound tense. The infix -ag- and the personal endings are added to the past root:

1st sing.	asusōnagow
2nd sing.	asusōnagər
3rd sing.	asusōnageš
	asusōnag
1st dual	asusōnagohi
2nd dual	asusōnagəri
3rd dual	asusōnageši
	asusōnagi
1st plur.	asusōnagohon
2nd plur.	asusōnagəron
3rd plur.	asusōnagešon
	asusōnon

The plusquamperfect tense conveys actions or states which had taken place before another past action or state, but which still had an influence on that time. It also may convey an action or a state which had begun in the past but it is still ongoing during another past action or state.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the present secondary infinitive of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the verb imēhem, to go:

1st sing.	sōsuniga imēhow
2nd sing.	sōsuniga imēhər
3rd sing.	sōsuniga imēheš
	sōsuniga imēh
1st dual	sōsuniga imēhohi
2nd dual	sōsuniga imēhəri
3rd dual	sōsuniga imēheši
	sōsuniga imēhi
1st plur.	sōsuniga imēhohon
2nd plur.	sōsuniga imēhəron
3rd plur.	sōsuniga imēhešon
	sōsuniga imēhon

The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the preterite secondary infinitive of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the verb imēhem, to go:

1st sing.	asusōniga imēhow
2nd sing.	asusōniga imēhər
3rd sing.	asusōniga imēheš
	asusōniga imēh
1st dual	asusōniga imēhohi
2nd dual	asusōniga imēhəri
3rd dual	asusōniga imēheši
	asusōniga imēhi
1st plur.	asusōniga imēhohon
2nd plur.	asusōniga imēhəron
3rd plur.	asusōniga imēhešon
	asusōniga imēhon

The anterior future tense conveys actions or states which will take place before another future action or state, but which will still have an influence on that time. It also may convey an action or a state which will begin in the past of a future moment but it will be still ongoing during another future action or state.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, with several usages. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation, desire, and wish.

The subjunctive widely features the infix -oč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.

	present	preterite	perfect	plusquamperfect
1st sing.	sōsunočow	asusōnočow	sōsunočagow	asusōnočagow
2nd sing.	sōsunočər	asusōnočər	sōsunočagər	asusōnočagər
3rd sing.	sōsunočeš	asusōnočeš	sōsunočageš	asusōnočageš
	sōsunoč	asusōnoč	sōsunočag	asusōnočag
1st dual	sōsunočohi	asusōnočohi	sōsunočagohi	asusōnočagohi
2nd dual	sōsunočəri	asusōnočəri	sōsunočagəri	asusōnočagəri
3rd dual	sōsunočeši	asusōnočeši	sōsunočageši	asusōnočageši
	sōsunoči	asusōnoči	sōsunočagi	asusōnočagi
1st plur.	sōsunočohon	asusōnočohon	sōsunočagohon	asusōnočagohon
2nd plur.	sōsunočəron	asusōnočəron	sōsunočagəron	asusōnočagəron
3rd plur.	sōsunočešon	asusōnočešon	sōsunočagešon	asusōnočagešon
	sōsunočon	asusōnočon	sōsunočagon	asusōnočagon

Potential mood

The potential mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a figurative sense it may convey doubt and uncertainty.

The potential widely features the infix -eč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.

	present	preterite	perfect	plusquamperfect
1st sing.	sōsunečow	asusōnečow	sōsunečagow	asusōnečagow
2nd sing.	sōsunečər	asusōnečər	sōsunečagər	asusōnečagər
3rd sing.	sōsunečeš	asusōnečeš	sōsunečageš	asusōnečageš
	sōsuneč	asusōneč	sōsunečag	asusōnečag
1st dual	sōsunečohi	asusōnečohi	sōsunečagohi	asusōnečagohi
2nd dual	sōsunečəri	asusōnečəri	sōsunečagəri	asusōnečagəri
3rd dual	sōsunečeši	asusōnečeši	sōsunečageši	asusōnečageši
	sōsuneči	asusōneči	sōsunečagi	asusōnečagi
1st plur.	sōsunečohon	asusōnečohon	sōsunečagohon	asusōnečagohon
2nd plur.	sōsunečəron	asusōnečəron	sōsunečagəron	asusōnečagəron
3rd plur.	sōsunečešon	asusōnečešon	sōsunečagešon	asusōnečagešon
	sōsunečon	asusōnečon	sōsunečagon	asusōnečagon

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

There are two infinitival forms, the primary infinitive, which is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and the secondary infinitive. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the preterite root.

The primary infinitive is formed through the ending -em, while the secondary infinitive through the ending -iga.

	present	preterite
primary	sōsunem	asusōnem
secondary	sōsuniga	asusōniga

Both infinitives are nominal forms of a verb. They can be used as such in sentences and they can be declined. They are regarded as class II nouns.

They have different usages:

• The primary infinitive is mostly used in main clauses as a verbal noun, with modal verbs or with the negative verb īsem.
• The secondary infinitive is mostly used in dependent clauses, or in the verbal conjugation for the formation of the future tenses.

Their usage as a pure nominal form as quite limited.

Participle

There are two participial forms, the agentive participle and the passive participle. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the preterite root.

The agentive participle is formed through the ending -īdu, while the passive participle through the ending -ugi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.

	present	preterite
agentive	sōsunīdu	asusōnīdu
passive	sōsunugi	asusōnugi

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is often used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it thus displays a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes, but agreeing with its adjoining noun.

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses.