User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. It usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.

In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -in-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -in- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.	ránosinò
2nd sing.	ránosinəh
3rd sing.	ránosin
1st plur.	ránosinonò
2nd plur.	ránosinonəh
3rd plur.	ránosinon

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant:

íméham → ímé
to go → he/she/it goes

namíɣam → namík
to bite → he/she/it bites

There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1st sing.	tòrò	kiɣò
2nd sing.	tôh	kîh
3rd sing.	tòr	kìɣ
1st plur.	tòrô	kiɣô
2nd plur.	tòrôh	kiɣôh
3rd plur.	tôr	kîɣ

The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is a simple tense. The personal endings and the augment, -á-,are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.	ránosò
2nd sing.	áránosəh
3rd sing.	árános
1st plur.	áránosonò
2nd plur.	áránosonəh
3rd plur.	áránoson

In the 3^rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant:

íméham → ěmé
to go → he/she/it was going

namíɣam → ánamík
to bite → he/she/it was biting

However, most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, to go, and lîβam, to see:

	íméham	lîβam
1st sing.	ěmehò	êβò
2nd sing.	ěméhəh	êβéh
3rd sing.	ěmé	êp
1st plur.	ěméhonò	êβonò
2nd plur.	ěméhonəh	êβonəh
3rd plur.	ěméhon	êβon

Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:

	tòram	kiɣam
1st sing.	áðòrò	áɣiɣò
2nd sing.	áðôh	áɣîh
3rd sing.	áðòr	áɣìɣ
1st plur.	áðòrô	áɣiɣô
2nd plur.	áðòrôh	áɣiɣôh
3rd plur.	áðôr	áɣîɣ

The 3^rd singular person in the imperfect tense usually display both the typical irregularities of the null ending and the typical irregularities of the augment merging. Thus it is normally cited in dictionary to exemplify the irregularities of the verbs:

lîβam (êp)
to see

The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.

Preterite tense

The preterite is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1st sing.	tòrò áránosíðə
2nd sing.	tôh áránosíðə
3rd sing.	tòr áránosíðə
1st plur.	tòrô áránosíðə
2nd plur.	tòrôh áránosíðə
3rd plur.	tôr áránosíðə

This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The preterite tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.

Plusquamperfect tense

The plusquamperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative imperfect forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:

1st sing.	áðòrò áránosíðə
2nd sing.	áðôh áránosíðə
3rd sing.	áðòr áránosíðə
1st plur.	áðòrô áránosíðə
2nd plur.	áðòrôh áránosíðə
3rd plur.	áðôr áránosíðə

This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

The plusquamperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1st sing.	kiɣò ránosam
2nd sing.	kîh ránosam
3rd sing.	kìɣ ránosam
1st plur.	kiɣô ránosam
2nd plur.	kiɣôh ránosam
3rd plur.	kîɣ ránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed or ongoing in the future.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1st sing.	kiɣò áránosam
2nd sing.	kîh áránosam
3rd sing.	kìɣ áránosam
1st plur.	kiɣô áránosam
2nd plur.	kiɣôh áránosam
3rd plur.	kîɣ áránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:

1st sing.	áɣiɣò ránosam
2nd sing.	áɣîh ránosam
3rd sing.	áɣìɣ ránosam
1st plur.	áɣiɣô ránosam
2nd plur.	áɣiɣôh ránosam
3rd plur.	áɣîɣ ránosam

This tense in regarded as essentially regular.

The future in the past tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.