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| ===Conjugation of a regular verb (<small>with examples of auxiliary and irregular verbs</small>)===
| | ======Preterite tense====== |
| Sample verb: ránosam, ''to breastfeed, to nurse, to give suckle''
| | The '''preterite''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb: |
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| ====Active diathesis====
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| =====Indicative mood=====
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| ======Present tense====== | |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the verbal roots: | |
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosəh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>rános</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosonò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosonəh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránoson</center>
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| |}
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| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant:
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| íméham → ímé
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| <small>to go → he/she/it goes</small>
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| namíɣam → namík
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| <small>to bite → he/she/it bites</small>
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| There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tòrò</center> || <center>kiɣò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tôh</center> || <center>kîh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tòr</center> || <center>kìɣ</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrô</center> || <center>kiɣô</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrôh</center> || <center>kiɣôh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tôr</center> || <center>kîɣ</center>
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| |}
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| The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.
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| ======Imperfect tense======
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| The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The personal endings and the augment, -á-,are added to the verbal roots:
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| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosò</center> | | | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>tòrò áránosíðə</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosəh</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tôh áránosíðə</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>árános</center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tòr áránosíðə</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosonò</center> | | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrô áránosíðə</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosonəh</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrôh áránosíðə</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránoson</center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tôr áránosíðə</center> |
| |} | | |} |
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| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant:
| | This tense in regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation. |
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| íméham → ěmé
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| <small>to go → he/she/it was going</small>
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| namíɣam → ánamík
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| <small>to bite → he/she/it was biting</small>
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| However, most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, ''to go'', and lîβam, ''to see'':
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''íméham''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''lîβam''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmehò</center> || <center>êβò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhəh</center> || <center>êβéh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmé</center> || <center>êp</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhonò</center> || <center>êβonò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhonəh</center> || <center>êβonəh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhon</center> || <center>êβon</center>
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| |}
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| Among the irregulatr verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðòrò</center> || <center>áɣiɣò</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðôh</center> || <center>áɣîh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðòr</center> || <center>áɣìɣ</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrô</center> || <center>áɣiɣô</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrôh</center> || <center>áɣiɣôh</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðôr</center> || <center>áɣîɣ</center>
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| |}
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| The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person in the imperfect tense usually display both the typical irregularities of the ''null ending'' and the typical irregularities of the augmen merging. Thus it is normally cited in dictionary to exemplify the irregularities of the verbs:
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| lîβam (<small>êp</small>)
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| <small>to see</small>
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| The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past. | | The preterite tense conveys completed actions or states in the past. |
