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| ==Verbs== | | ===Varbal conjugation=== |
| As already mentioned, the word root has a '''''(C)VC''''' structure. When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by a set of verbal suffixes, which convey an aspectual information:
| | Using the root '''majr-''', meaning ''to see, vision'', we give an example of the various aspectual, temporal, modal and person forms of the Proto-Alri verb. |
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
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| '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' → '''majro-''' <small>''to see'' (imperfective aspect)</small>
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| '''majr-''' + '''-u-''' → '''majru-''' <small>''to see'' (perfective aspect)</small>
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| '''majr-''' + '''-a-''' → '''majra-''' <small>''to see'' (resultative aspect)</small>
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| As the basic form of verbs is regarded the imperfective form, marked by the suffix '''-o-'''. The verbal form generally distinguishes the following ''proper categories'':
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| *'''aspect''': imperfective, perfective, resultative''.
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| *'''tense''': aorist, present.
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| *'''person''': first, second, third.
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| *'''number''': singular, plural
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| *'''form''': main, dependent.
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| Aspect is distinguished by ''aspectual suffixes'', which expands the word root. The suffixes are:
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| * ''imperfective'': '''-o-'''
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| * ''perfective'': '''-u-'''
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| * ''resultative'': '''-a-'''
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| The resultative root, especially when it is not derived or compound, displays an optional ''partial reduplication'', following the patterns:
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| (s)C'''<sub>1</sub>'''V(j/w)C'''<sub>2</sub>'''- → C'''<sub>1</sub>'''V-(s)C'''<sub>1</sub>'''V(j/w)C'''<sub>2</sub>'''-
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| V(j/w)C'''<sub>1</sub>'''- → VC'''<sub>1</sub>'''V(j/w)C'''<sub>1</sub>'''-
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| Examples:
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
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| '''majr-''' + '''-a-''' → '''(ma)majra-''' <small>''to see'' (resultative aspect)</small>
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| '''sk̇an-''', <small>''to fight''</small> →
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| '''sk̇an-''' + '''-a-''' → '''(k̇a)sk̇ana-''' <small>''to fight'' (resultative aspect)</small>
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| '''em-''', <small>''to be able''</small> →
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| '''em-''' + '''-a-''' → '''(em)ema-''' <small>''to be able'' (resultative aspect)</small>
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| Tense is distinguished by ''temporal suffixes'', which are placed after the aspect suffixes. The suffixes are:
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| * ''aorist'': '''-'''
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| * ''present'': '''-w-'''
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| Example:
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
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| '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' + '''-w-''' → '''majrow-''' <small>''to see'' (imperfective present)</small>
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| The person, referring to the clause subject, is distinguished by ''personal suffixes'', which are placed after the aspect and temporal suffixes. The suffixes are:
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| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 50px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup></small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>'''-m-'''</center> | | | || colspan="4" | <center>''<small>aorist</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>imperfective</small>''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup></small>'' || <center>'''-t-'''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>aorist</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup></small>'' || <center>'''-k-'''</center> | | | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>main</small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>dependent</small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>main</small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>dependent</small>''</center> |
| |- | |
| | <center>'''-'''</center> | |
| |}
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| Example:
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
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| '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' + '''-w-''' + '''-t-''' → '''majrowt-''' <small>''you are seeing'' (sing./plur. imperfective present)</small>
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| The 3<small><sup>rd</sup></small> person display two possible endings: '''-k-''', which is derived from the demonstrative pronominal root, and '''-Ø-''', namely a ''null ending''. This dichotomy is due to the lacking of any necessary subject marking, when the subject itself is clearly expressed in the clause.
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| The number, referring to the clause subject, is distinguished by ''numeral suffixes'', which are placed after the aspect, the temporal suffixes, and the personal suffixes. The suffixes are:
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| * ''singular'': '''-'''
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| * ''plural'': '''-ij- / -j-'''
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| The plural number display two possible endings: the former is used after a consonant, while the latter is used after a vowel.
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| Examples:
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
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| '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' + '''-w-''' + '''-t-''' + '''-ij-''' → '''majrowtij''' <small>''you are seeing'' (plural imperfective present)</small>
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| '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' + '''-w-''' + '''-ij-''' → '''majrowtij''' <small>''they are seeing'' (plural imperfective present)</small>
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| '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' + '''-j-''' → '''majroj''' <small>''they were seeing'' (plural imperfective aorist)</small>
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| Person suffixes and number suffixes are usually merged to form the ''persona endings''. The scheme of the personal endings in the pre-diasporic later period is:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>'''-m'''</center>
| | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''-m'''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''-t'''</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''-t'''</center> |
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| | <center>'''-'''</center> | | | <center>'''-'''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>'''-mij'''</center>
| | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''-mij'''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''-tij'''</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''-tij'''</center> |
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| | <center>'''-j / -ij'''</center> | | | <center>'''-j / -ij'''</center> |
| |} | | |} |
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| The form is distinguished by the ''modal infixes'', which are placed before the aspectual suffixes. The infixes are:
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| * ''main'': '''-'''
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| * ''dependent'': '''-əw-'''
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| Example:
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| '''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
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| '''majr-''' + '''-əw-''' + '''-o-''' + '''-w-''' + '''-t-''' + '''-ij-''' → '''majrəwowtij''' <small>''that you are seeing'' (plural dependent imperfective present)</small>
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| There are, moreover, other endings which can build non-finite forms, but these are regarded as a derivative process and discussed in the relative chapter.
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