User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Verbs

As already mentioned, the word root has a (C)VC structure. When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by a set of verbal suffixes, which convey an aspectual information:

majr-, to see → 
 majr- + -o- → majro- to see (imperfective aspect)
 majr- + -u- → majru- to see (perfective aspect)
 majr- + -a- → majra- to see (resultative aspect)

As the basic form of verbs is regarded the imperfective form, marked by the suffix -o-. The verbal form generally distinguishes the following proper categories:

• aspect: imperfective, perfective, resultative.
• tense: aorist, present.
• person: first, second, third.
• number: singular, plural
• form: main, dependent.

Aspect is distinguished by aspectual suffixes, which expands the word root. The suffixes are:

• imperfective: -o-
• perfective: -u-
• resultative: -a-

The resultative root, especially when it is not derived or compound, displays an optional partial reduplication, following the patterns:

(s)C1V(j/w)C2- → C1V-(s)C1V(j/w)C2-
V(j/w)C1- → VC1V(j/w)C1-

Examples:

majr-, to see → 
   majr- + -a- → (ma)majra- to see (resultative aspect)

sk̇an-, to fight → 
   sk̇an- + -a- → (k̇a)sk̇ana- to fight (resultative aspect)

em-, to be able → 
   em- + -a- → (em)ema- to be able (resultative aspect)

Tense is distinguished by temporal suffixes, which are placed after the aspect suffixes. The suffixes are:

• aorist: -
• present: -w-

Example:

majr-, to see → 
   majr- + -o- + -w- → majrow- to see (imperfective present)

The person, referring to the clause subject, is distinguished by personal suffixes, which are placed after the aspect and temporal suffixes. The suffixes are:

1st	-m-
2nd	-t-
3rd	-k-
	-

Example:

majr-, to see → 
   majr- + -o- + -w- + -t- → majrowt- you are seeing (sing./plur. imperfective present)

Riguardo la terza persona si trovano due possibili marcature: -k, derivato dalla radice pronominale dimostrativa e -Ø, cioè nessuna marcatura. Questa dicotomia è dovuta al fatto che in presenza del soggetto, non è necessario esprimere né utilizzare alcuna desinenza.

Il numero del soggetto viene distinto dai suffissi numerali che si pongono dopo i suffissi personali. Tali suffissi di numero sono:

• singular: -
• plural: -ij- / -j-

La prima variante del suffisso si applica ai suffissi personali e al suffisso temporale, mentre la seconda variante viene applicata direttamente ai suffissi di aspetto.

Examples:

majr-, to see → 
   majr- + -o- + -w- + -t- + -ij- → majrowtij you are seeing (plural imperfective present)
   majr- + -o- + -w- + -ij- → majrowtij they are seeing (plural imperfective present)
   majr- + -o- + -j- → majroj they were seeing (plural imperfective aorist)

L’unione dei suffissi personali con i suffissi di numero viene chiamato desinenze personali. Lo schema delle desinenze personali in fase unitaria tarda si configura dunque così:

1st sing.	-m
2nd sing.	-t
3rd sing.	-k
	-
1st plur.	-mij
2nd plur.	-tij
3rd plur.	-kij
	-j / -ij

The form is distinguished by the modal infixes, which are placed before the aspectual suffixes. The infixes are:

• main: -
• dependent: -w-

Example:

majr-, to see → 
   majr- + -əw- + -o- + -w- + -t- + -ij- → majrəwowtij that you are seeing (plural dependent imperfective present)

There are, moreover, other endings which can build non-finite forms, but these are regarded as a derivative process and discussed in the relative chapter.