User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Verbs

Verbs in Ỹhɛ language usually have a multisyllabic form. Each verbal form carries only the semantical information, while other features are conveyed by other grammatic particles.

On the morphological level the verb display no person, or number, exhibiting always the same unaltered form:

godner
(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear

The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns:

ɔ̃ godner 
I hear

eɕeɕ godner 
you (pl.) hear

The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey both the aspectual and the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the aspectual particles is called verb cluster.

godner nuvɔ
hear - past+perfective

The aspectual particles make a distinction between a present form, a past form, and a future form:

aspect	present	past	future
progressive	moce	movɔ	mocä
perfective	no	nuvɔ	nusä
resultative	hö	hovɔ	hosä
habitual	ahe	ahbɔ	ahsä
repetitive	ɔbe	ɔbɔ	ɔpsä
experiential	äçe	äçbɔ	äçä
prospective	nese	nesbɔ	nesä

The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as a gnomic aspect, namely pointing to an always extant and true action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples:

ɔ̃ godner
I hear (always)

ɔ̃ godner moce
I am hearing

ɔ̃ godner nuvɔ
I heard

ɔ̃ godner ɔpsä
I will (repeteadly) hear

Two additional particles can be placed before the verb, dji, which conveys a meaning of command, being thus an imperative particle, and ňi, which conveys a meaning of negative command or prohibition, being thus a prohibitive particle. Each particle has a formal and a informal counterpart.

	formal	formal
imperative	ši	ği
prohibitive	šɑ	ni

These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used.

ği ɣoreɟ
go!

ği ɣoreɟ no
go! (up to destination)

eɕ ği ɣoreɟ mu uc ği gõvå
you go, but he stay!