User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
(→Verbs) |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
Verbs in | Verbs in Ỹhɛ language usually have a multisyllabic form. Each verbal form carries only the semantical information, while othere feature are conveyed by other grammatic particles. | ||
On the morphological level the verb display ''no person'', or ''number'', exhibiting always the same unaltered form: | On the morphological level the verb display ''no person'', or ''number'', exhibiting always the same unaltered form: | ||
| Line 9: | Line 9: | ||
The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns: | The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns: | ||
godner | ɔ̃ godner | ||
<small>I hear</small> | <small>I hear</small> | ||
godner | eɕeɕ godner | ||
<small>you (pl.) hear</small> | <small>you (pl.) hear</small> | ||
The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey | The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey both the aspectual and the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the aspectual particles is called ''verb cluster''. | ||
godner | godner nuvɔ | ||
<small>hear - past | <small>hear - past+perfective</small> | ||
The aspectual particles | The aspectual particles make a distinction between a present form, a past form, and a future form: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''aspect''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>'' | | style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''aspect''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''future''</small></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''progressive'' || <center> | | ''progressive'' || <center>moce</center> || <center>movɔ</center> || <center>mocä</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''perfective'' || <center> | | ''perfective'' || <center>no</center> || <center>nuvɔ</center> || <center>nusä</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''resultative'' || <center> | | ''resultative'' || <center>hö</center> || <center>hovɔ</center> || <center>hosä</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''habitual'' || <center> | | ''habitual'' || <center>ahe</center> || <center>ahbɔ</center> || <center>ahsä</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''repetitive'' || <center> | | ''repetitive'' || <center>ɔbe</center> || <center>ɔbɔ</center> || <center>ɔpsä</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''experiential'' || <center> | | ''experiential'' || <center>äçe</center> || <center>äçbɔ</center> || <center>äçä</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''prospective'' || <center> | | ''prospective'' || <center>nese</center> || <center>nesbɔ</center> || <center>nesä</center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as a ''gnomic aspect'', namely pointing to an always extant and true action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples: | The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as a ''gnomic aspect'', namely pointing to an always extant and true action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples: | ||
godner | ɔ̃ godner | ||
<small>I hear (always)</small> | <small>I hear (always)</small> | ||
godner | ɔ̃ godner moce | ||
<small>I am hearing</small> | <small>I am hearing</small> | ||
godner | ɔ̃ godner nuvɔ | ||
<small>I heard</small> | <small>I heard</small> | ||
ɔ̃ godner ɔpsä | |||
<small>I will (repeteadly) hear</small> | |||
godner | |||
<small>I will | |||
Two additional particles can be placed before the verb, dji, which conveys a meaning of command, being thus an imperative particle, and ňi, which conveys a meaning of negative command or prohibition, being thus a prohibitive particle. | Two additional particles can be placed before the verb, dji, which conveys a meaning of command, being thus an imperative particle, and ňi, which conveys a meaning of negative command or prohibition, being thus a prohibitive particle. Each particle has a formal and a informal counterpart. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>'' | | style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''formal''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''formal''</small></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''imperative'' || <center> | | ''imperative'' || <center>ši</center> || <center>ği</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''prohibitive'' || <center> | | ''prohibitive'' || <center>šɑ</center> || <center>ni</center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used. | These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used. | ||
ği ɣoreɟ | |||
<small>go!</small> | <small>go!</small> | ||
ği ɣoreɟ no | |||
<small>go! (up to destination)</small> | <small>go! (up to destination)</small> | ||
eɕ ği ɣoreɟ mu uc ği gõvå | |||
<small>you go, but he stay!</small> | <small>you go, but he stay!</small> | ||
Revision as of 04:56, 12 June 2025
Verbs
Verbs in Ỹhɛ language usually have a multisyllabic form. Each verbal form carries only the semantical information, while othere feature are conveyed by other grammatic particles.
On the morphological level the verb display no person, or number, exhibiting always the same unaltered form:
godner (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear
The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns:
ɔ̃ godner I hear
eɕeɕ godner you (pl.) hear
The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey both the aspectual and the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the aspectual particles is called verb cluster.
godner nuvɔ hear - past+perfective
The aspectual particles make a distinction between a present form, a past form, and a future form:
| progressive | |||
| perfective | |||
| resultative | |||
| habitual | |||
| repetitive | |||
| experiential | |||
| prospective |
The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as a gnomic aspect, namely pointing to an always extant and true action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples:
ɔ̃ godner I hear (always)
ɔ̃ godner moce I am hearing
ɔ̃ godner nuvɔ I heard
ɔ̃ godner ɔpsä I will (repeteadly) hear
Two additional particles can be placed before the verb, dji, which conveys a meaning of command, being thus an imperative particle, and ňi, which conveys a meaning of negative command or prohibition, being thus a prohibitive particle. Each particle has a formal and a informal counterpart.
| imperative | ||
| prohibitive |
These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used.
ği ɣoreɟ go!
ği ɣoreɟ no go! (up to destination)
eɕ ği ɣoreɟ mu uc ği gõvå you go, but he stay!
