User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Verbs

The main distinction made in the verbal system of Proto-Piti language is based on the fundamental dichotomy between imperfective aspect and perfective aspect. This distinction is conveyed by two different verbal roots, with a CVCVC structure, for every verbal meaning, the imperfective root (R_imp) and the perfective root (R_prf).

The basic form is generally the imperfective root. The perfective root is usually derived from the imperfective one through an introflexive process of vowel switching:

CV1CV2C → CV2CV1C

Example:

Rimp = ŋaŋok- → Rprf = ŋoŋak-

There is a limited amount of verbal roots with a CVC structure, called monosyllabic roots. These roots do not have a perfective counterpart, not displaying, thus, the usual introflexive process of vowel switching.

Rimp = tʰaːŋ-

These roots display thus only one aspect, usually the imperfective.

Another distinction, newer than the aspectual distinction, is made, on a temporal level, between a non-past tense, generally called “present”, and a past tense, by means of the prefix ʔa-, known as augment, which conveys the past tense, while non-past actions are marked by its absence.

Rimp = ŋaŋok- → Rimp-past = ʔaŋaŋok-
Rimp = tʰaːŋ- → Rimp-past = ʔatʰaːŋ-

The following modal infixes can be added to every verbal root:

• indicative: Ø
• subjunctive: -iɳ-
• optative: -oṕ-
• potential: -æʈ-

As they infer a modal value to the root, without altering the aspectual information, these infixes are not involved in the vowel switching process.

In the archaic period, the verb is not declined for person or bumber, and the original personal pronoun are mandatorily used to convey the first and the second person. Since the word order is initially VSO, these pronouns are placed right after the verbal form. They are then cliticized to the verb, turning into actual personal endings. In an earlier stage, these endings convey only the first two persons, without distinguishing any number.

Personal morphemes
1st	-oɬ
2st	-er

The third person displays two possible endings: -æt́, derived from the demonstrative pronominal root, and -Ø, namely a zero marking. This dichotomy arises from the original lacking of any personal marking when the subject is clearly expressed. Usage of such ending, however, remain significantly unclear and the daughter languages display different strategies in their development.

Number marking appears in a later, but still pre-diasporic, period. It is considerably free and unstable. Similarly to the nominal declension, numeral morphemes can be freely placed before or after the personal morphemes.

Numeral morphemes
singular	-
plural	-on
dual	-iʔ

Lo schema delle desinenze personali in fase unitaria tarda si configura dunque così: 1° sing. -oɬ 2° sing. -er 3° sing. -æt́ - 1° dual. -iʔoɬ -oɬiʔ 2° dual. -iʔer -eriʔ 3° dual. -iʔæt́ -æt́iʔ -iʔ 1° plur. -onoɬ -oɬon 2° plur. -oner -eron 3° plur. -onæt́ -æt́on -on

Queste desinenze vanno ad aggiungersi dopo eventuali desinenze modali. Essendo derivate da forme pronominali o numerali indipendenti e in seguito cliticizzate, queste desinenze non possono prendere parte al processo di scambio vocalico. Esistono inoltre altre desinenze che creano forme non verbali, tra cui due forme di tipo nominale, l’infinito1 e l’infinito2 e due forme di tipo participiale-aggettivale, il participio attivo e il participio passivo. Si possono legare ad entrambe le radici per esprimere il valore aspettuale e prendere l’aumento per esprimere il valore temporale.

There are three verbal moods and three non-finite forms:

• Moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional
• Non-finite: infinitive, agentive participle, passive participle

The citation form of verbs is the present imperfective infinitive, marked by the ending -ɑme, added to the imperfective root in its present form. From such form the imperfective root can be inferred and can be changed in its perfective equivalent.

However, multisyllabic verbal roots can be formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the switching process. The vowel involved are those belonging to the original disyllabic root:

Rimp = gū́nḗɣow- → Rprf = gū́noɣḗw-

Rimp = hā́kisok- → Rprf = hikā́sok-

Rimp = hɑtsɑgewṓr- → Rprf = hɑtsegɑwṓr-

The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual and temporal forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:

1st sing.	-ow
2nd sing.	-er
3rd sing.	-ɑt
	-
1st plur.	-onow
2nd plur.	-oner
3rd plur.	-onɑt
	-on

The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings.

As verbal forms can, however, be formed on both roots and add the past prefix. They can also add the modal infixes before their typical endings.

The non-finite endings are:

• infinitive: -ɑme
• agentive participle: -ī́to
• passive participle: -uki

The infinitival form is meant as a 2^nd class noun.