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==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
The verbal system of | The verbal system of Kī́rtako language is based on the fundamental dichotomy between '''imperfective''' aspect and '''perfective''' aspect. This distinction is conveyed by two different verbal roots for every verbal meaning, the ''imperfective root'' ('''R<sub>imp</sub>''') and the ''perfective root'' ('''R<sub>prf</sub>'''). The perfective root is usually derived from the imperfective one through an introflexive process of vowel switching: | ||
CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C → CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''C | |||
Example: | |||
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = gagok- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = gogak- | |||
Although considerably rare, there are some irregular perfective roots. | |||
In disyllabic verbal root, all vowels are involved in the switching process. | |||
However, multisyllabic verbal roots can be formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the switching process. The vowel involved are those belonging to the original disyllabic root: | |||
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = gū́nḗɣow- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = gū́noɣḗw- | |||
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = hā́kisok- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = hikā́sok- | |||
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = hɑtsɑgewṓr- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = hɑtsegɑwṓr- | |||
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = | |||
Another distinction is made, on a temporal level, between a non-past tense, generally called “''present''”, and a past tense, by means of the prefix ʔa-, known as ''augment'', which conveys the past tense, while non-past actions are marked by its absence. | |||
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = gagok- → '''R<sub>imp-past</sub>''' = ʔagagok- | |||
There are three verbal moods and three non-finite forms: | |||
* ''Moods'': indicative, subjunctive, conditional | |||
* ''Non-finite'': infinitive, agentive participle, passive participle | |||
The citation form of verbs is the present imperfective infinitive, marked by the ending -ɑme, added to the imperfective root in its present form. From such form the imperfective root can be inferred and can be changed in its perfective equivalent. | |||
The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual and temporal forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number: | The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual and temporal forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number: | ||
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| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-ow</center> | | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-ow</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>- | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-er</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>- | | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-ɑt</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>-</center> | | <center>-</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> | | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-onow</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-oner</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-onɑt</center> | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>- | |||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>-on</center> | | <center>-on</center> | ||
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The different moods are formed by adding the following infixes to the verbal root, before the personal endings: | The different moods are formed by adding the following infixes to the verbal root, before the personal endings: | ||
*''indicative'': Ø | *''indicative'': Ø | ||
*''subjunctive'': - | *''subjunctive'': -iñ- | ||
*'' | *''conditional'': -ɑts- | ||
The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings. | The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings. | ||
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The non-finite endings are: | The non-finite endings are: | ||
*'' | *''infinitive'': -ɑme | ||
*''agentive participle'': -ī́to | |||
*''agentive participle'': - | *''passive participle'': -uki | ||
*''passive participle'': - | |||
The infinitival form is meant as a class | The infinitival form is meant as a 2<sup>nd</sup> class noun. | ||
Revision as of 04:47, 9 June 2025
Verbs
The verbal system of Kī́rtako language is based on the fundamental dichotomy between imperfective aspect and perfective aspect. This distinction is conveyed by two different verbal roots for every verbal meaning, the imperfective root (Rimp) and the perfective root (Rprf). The perfective root is usually derived from the imperfective one through an introflexive process of vowel switching:
CV1CV2C → CV2CV1C
Example:
Rimp = gagok- → Rprf = gogak-
Although considerably rare, there are some irregular perfective roots.
In disyllabic verbal root, all vowels are involved in the switching process.
However, multisyllabic verbal roots can be formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the switching process. The vowel involved are those belonging to the original disyllabic root:
Rimp = gū́nḗɣow- → Rprf = gū́noɣḗw-
Rimp = hā́kisok- → Rprf = hikā́sok-
Rimp = hɑtsɑgewṓr- → Rprf = hɑtsegɑwṓr-
Another distinction is made, on a temporal level, between a non-past tense, generally called “present”, and a past tense, by means of the prefix ʔa-, known as augment, which conveys the past tense, while non-past actions are marked by its absence.
Rimp = gagok- → Rimp-past = ʔagagok-
There are three verbal moods and three non-finite forms:
- Moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional
- Non-finite: infinitive, agentive participle, passive participle
The citation form of verbs is the present imperfective infinitive, marked by the ending -ɑme, added to the imperfective root in its present form. From such form the imperfective root can be inferred and can be changed in its perfective equivalent.
The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual and temporal forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. | |
The different moods are formed by adding the following infixes to the verbal root, before the personal endings:
- indicative: Ø
- subjunctive: -iñ-
- conditional: -ɑts-
The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings.
As verbal forms can, however, be formed on both roots and add the past prefix. They can also add the modal infixes before their typical endings.
The non-finite endings are:
- infinitive: -ɑme
- agentive participle: -ī́to
- passive participle: -uki
The infinitival form is meant as a 2nd class noun.
