User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Tones==
===Ordinal numerals===
All vowels make a distinction among six different tones, with the exception of the phonemes [æ] and [œ], which distinguish only four different tones. Tone is a clearly distinctive feature:
Ordinal numerals can be formed:
 
*by adding the adjectival ending '''-ko''' to the cardinal numeral form:
   
   
  jò - jô
  '''ʂaːʔo''' → '''ʂaːʔoko'''
  <small>I - we</small>
  <small>one → first</small>


Using the vowel [a] as an example, the tones, and their graphic transcription, are:
*by adding the comparative ending '''-roː''' to the cardinal numeral form:
*'''a''': [a<sup><small>33</small></sup>], ''mid tone''.
*'''à''': [a<sup><small>53</small></sup>], ''falling tone''.
'''tʰuːɬa''' → '''tʰuːɬaroː'''
*'''á''': [a<sup><small>13</small></sup>], ''rising lower tone''.
<small>six → sixth</small>
*'''á̱''': [a<sup><small>23</small></sup>], ''rising higher tone''.
*'''â''': [a<sup><small>353</small></sup>], ''rising-falling lower'' or ''apical lower tone''.
*'''â''': [a<sup><small>453</small></sup>], ''rising-falling higher'' or ''apical higher tone''.


The mid tone is usually regarded as a ''neutral tone'', not being graphically expressed by any diacritic mark. The rising and the falling tones are regarded as ''linear tones''. The rising-falling and the falling-rising tones are rearded as ''spike tones''.
*by adding the comparative ending '''-tu''' to the cardinal numeral form:
'''ŋoːɬe''' → '''ŋoːɬetu'''
<small>four → fourth</small>
 
*by adding the comparative ending '''-lo''' to the cardinal numeral form:
'''ḱuʔe''' → '''ḱuʔelo'''
<small>eight → eighth</small>


The vowels [æ] and [œ] are called ''weak vowels'', since they can express only four tones: the mid tone, the falling tone, the rising lower tone and the rising higher tone. Thus, they cannot express any spike tone.
If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
*''25<sup>th</sup>'': '''ʔakirepʰeːʔo ṕaːŋeko'''

Revision as of 01:47, 25 May 2025

Ordinal numerals

Ordinal numerals can be formed:

  • by adding the adjectival ending -ko to the cardinal numeral form:
ʂaːʔo → ʂaːʔoko
one → first
  • by adding the comparative ending -roː to the cardinal numeral form:
tʰuːɬa → tʰuːɬaroː
six → sixth
  • by adding the comparative ending -tu to the cardinal numeral form:
ŋoːɬe → ŋoːɬetu
four → fourth
  • by adding the comparative ending -lo to the cardinal numeral form:
ḱuʔe → ḱuʔelo
eight → eighth

If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:

  • 25th: ʔakirepʰeːʔo ṕaːŋeko
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