User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
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As in the singular declension, the endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun. The plural morpheme, '''-no''', can be placed either ''before'' or ''after'' the case morphemes, without a fixed pattern. In the pre-diasporic period the numeral morpheme position is essentially free and optional. | As in the singular declension, the endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun. The plural morpheme, '''-no''', can be placed either ''before'' or ''after'' the case morphemes, without a fixed pattern. In the pre-diasporic period the numeral morpheme position is essentially free and optional. | ||
{|- | |||
|- | |||
| || colspan="4" | <center>''Dual declension''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small>||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small> | |||
|-- | |||
| style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| '''papuʔili''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''papuliʔi''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-''' | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || '''papuʔi''' || '''papuʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔi''' | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || '''papuʔira''' || '''papuraʔi''' || '''-''' || '''-''' | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''papuʔiʂu''' || '''papuʂuʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔiʂu''' || '''soːŋoʂuʔi''' | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''papuʔiχæ''' || '''papuχæʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔiχæ''' || '''soːŋoχæʔi''' | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''papuʔikʰu''' || '''papukʰuʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔikʰu''' || '''soːŋokʰuʔi''' | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʔikʰæ''' || '''soːŋokʰæʔi''' | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʔiŋil''' || '''soːŋoŋilʔi''' | |||
|- | |||
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʔiʈar''' || '''soːŋoʈarʔi''' | |||
|} | |||
As in the singular declension, the endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun. The dual morpheme, '''-ʔi''', can be placed either ''before'' or ''after'' the case morphemes, without a fixed pattern. In the pre-diasporic period the numeral morpheme position is essentially free and optional. | |||
Revision as of 06:49, 2 May 2025
Noun declension
As already mentioned, the nominal root has a CVCV structure. This structure can be derivatively and semantically expanded by other syllables, while still preserving its vowel-ending structure.
Nouns do decline, according to their role in the sentence for case. They also distinguish three morphological numbers, singular, dual, and plural.
A nominal root is thus declined for case and number by adding the following morphemes:
| Case morphemes | |
| -li | |
| - | |
| -ra | |
| -ʂu | |
| -χæ | |
| -kʰu | |
| -kʰæ | |
| -ŋil | |
| -ʈar | |
| Numeral morphemes | |
| - | |
| -no | |
| -ʔi | |
In the pre-diasporic period, these morphemes are added to the root without a fixed pattern. Numeral morpheme can, indeed, be freely placed before or after the case morpheme.
Some examples are shown below: a typical active or animate noun, papu, father, and a typical inactive or inanimate noun, soːŋo, house.
| papuli | - | |
| papu | soːŋo | |
| papura | - | |
| papuʂu | soːŋoʂu | |
| papuχæ | soːŋoχæ | |
| papukʰu | soːŋokʰu | |
| - | soːŋokʰæ | |
| - | soːŋoŋil | |
| - | soːŋoʈar | |
The endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun.
| precasual pattern | postcasual pattern | precasual pattern | postcasual pattern | |
| papunoli | papulino | - | - | |
| papuno | papuno | soːŋono | soːŋono | |
| papunora | papurano | - | - | |
| papunoʂu | papuʂuno | soːŋonoʂu | soːŋoʂuno | |
| papunoχæ | papuχæno | soːŋonoχæ | soːŋoχæno | |
| papunokʰu | papukʰuno | soːŋonokʰu | soːŋokʰuno | |
| - | - | soːŋonokʰæ | soːŋokʰæno | |
| - | - | soːŋonoŋil | soːŋoŋilno | |
| - | - | soːŋonoʈar | soːŋoʈarno | |
As in the singular declension, the endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun. The plural morpheme, -no, can be placed either before or after the case morphemes, without a fixed pattern. In the pre-diasporic period the numeral morpheme position is essentially free and optional.
| precasual pattern | postcasual pattern | precasual pattern | postcasual pattern | |
| papuʔili | papuliʔi | - | - | |
| papuʔi | papuʔi | soːŋoʔi | soːŋoʔi | |
| papuʔira | papuraʔi | - | - | |
| papuʔiʂu | papuʂuʔi | soːŋoʔiʂu | soːŋoʂuʔi | |
| papuʔiχæ | papuχæʔi | soːŋoʔiχæ | soːŋoχæʔi | |
| papuʔikʰu | papukʰuʔi | soːŋoʔikʰu | soːŋokʰuʔi | |
| - | - | soːŋoʔikʰæ | soːŋokʰæʔi | |
| - | - | soːŋoʔiŋil | soːŋoŋilʔi | |
| - | - | soːŋoʔiʈar | soːŋoʈarʔi | |
As in the singular declension, the endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun. The dual morpheme, -ʔi, can be placed either before or after the case morphemes, without a fixed pattern. In the pre-diasporic period the numeral morpheme position is essentially free and optional.
