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| {|- | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| | | || colspan="2" | <center>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> class''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || -r || -rĩ | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || - || - ̃ | | | <center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || -li || -noli || || |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || -š || -šũ | | | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || - || -no || - || -no |
| |}
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| | |
| An example is shown below: sobar, ''dog''.
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| {|-
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| |-
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| | || colspan="2" | <center>sobar</center>
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| |- | |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
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| |- | |
| | <center><small>''basic''</small></center> || sobar || sobarĩ
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || soba || sobã
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || sobaš || sobašũ
| |
| |}
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| | |
| As it can be noticed, the plural form of the accusative case always involves nasalization of the last vowel. This process may happen on every available vowel, but, if the last vowel is already nasal in the singular, the plural accusative form will be identical to its singular counterpart.
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| Nouns ending in a consonant in the singular direct case usually add a euphonic vowel before the endings of the other cases. There is no tendency on a specific euphonic vowel.
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| An example is shown below: rimər, ''world'', ''earth''.
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| {|-
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| |-
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| | || colspan="2" | <center>rimər</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''basic''</small></center> || rimər || rimərĩ
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| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || rim || rimə̃
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| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || riməš || riməšũ
| |
| |}
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| | |
| In this case, the added vowel is -ə-, which is regularly nasalized in the accusative plural form. Every euphonic vowel is always shown in the citation form, the singular nominative case.
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| The vowels -ə-, -i- or -u- are often dropped in the accusative singular, when present before the nominative singular ending.
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| Some irregular nouns, whose base form ends in a vowel, can add an entire syllable before the case endings.
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| An example is shown below: swõnur, ''house''.
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| {|-
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| |-
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| | || colspan="2" | <center>swõnur</center>
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| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || -šu || -nošu || -šu || -nošu |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''basic''</small></center> || swõnur || swõnurĩ | | | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || -ra || -nora || || |
| |- | |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || swõ || swõnũ | |
| |- | |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || swõnuš || swõnušũ
| |
| |} | |
| | |
| The irregularly added syllable is more than often -nə-, -ne-, -ni- or -no-. If the last vowel of the base form is nasalized, it can sometimes lose nasalization in the forms with the added syllable. This forms are regarded as irregular and, in earlier texts, they can display many alternatives: for example the word swõnur has earlier alternatives like accusative plural swonũ or oblique plural swõnošũ, already fallen out of use in modern texts.
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| Some nouns, whose roots end in a consonant cluster, can insert an euphonic vowel -ə- between these consonants in the accusative singular form.
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| An example is shown below: moɣžur, ''herd''.
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| {|-
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| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>moɣžur</center>
| | | <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || -ɣɑ || -noɣɑ || -ɣɑ || -noɣɑ |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || -khu || -nokhu || -khu || -nokhu |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''basic''</small></center> || moɣžur || moɣžurĩ | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || || || -khɑ || -nokhɑ |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || moɣəž || moɣžũ | | | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || || || -gil || -nogil |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || moɣžuš || moɣžušũ | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || || || -tsar || -notsar |
| |} | | |} |
| | | Some examples are shown below: a 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> class noun, papu, ''father'', and a 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class noun, sṓgo, ''house''. |
| The euphonic vowel is added only when the consonant cluster is unacceptable in final position according to phonotactical rules. When the consonant cluster is acceptable, no vowel is inserted.
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| A small amount of nouns diplay irregular plural endings:
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| {|- | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>papu</center> || colspan="2" | <center>sṓgo</center> |
| |- | |
| | <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || -ir
| |
| |-
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| | <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || -i | |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || -iš | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |} | |
| | |
| This endings usually trigger irregular consonantal and vocalic changes in the noun root (often due to methaponic processes).
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| An example is shown below: roɣur, ''eye''.
| |
| {|-
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| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>roɣur</center>
| | | <center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || papuli || papunoli || || |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || papu || papuno || sṓgo || sṓgono |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''basic''</small></center> || roɣur || ruɣir | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || papušu || papunošu || sṓgošu || sṓgonošu |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || rog || ruɣi | | | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || papura || papunora || || |
| |- | |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || roɣuš || ruɣiš | |
| |}
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| | |
| From the previous example it can be noticed that nouns, whose nominative singular form ends in -ɣur, usually display an accusative singular form ending in -g.
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| Some nouns, conversely, display unpredictable irregularities, both vocalic and consonantal, in the noun root.
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| An example is shown below: rəjr, ''thing''.
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| {|-
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| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>rəjr</center>
| | | <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || papuɣɑ || papunoɣɑ || sṓgoɣɑ || sṓgonoɣɑ |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || papukhu || papunokhu || sṓgokhu || sṓgonokhu |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''basic''</small></center> || rəjr || rəjrĩ | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || || || sṓgokhɑ || sṓgonokhɑ |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || ri || rĩ | | | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || || || sṓgogil || sṓgonogil |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || rəjš || rəjšũ | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || || || sṓgotsar || sṓgonotsar |
| |} | | |} |
| | | As for the rules, the endings for the secondary oblique cases cannot be added to a 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> class noun, while the endings for the primary main cases cannot be added to a 2<sup><small>st</small></sup> class noun. |
| As noun declension often displays multiple irregularities, in the vocabulary section the accusative singular form is always cited for an irregular noun, while the accusative plural form is cited only when necessary: | |
| *'''swõnur''', <small>''n.'' ('''swõ''')</small>, house.
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| *'''roɣur''', <small>''n.'' ('''rog''', '''ruɣi''')</small>, eye.
| |
