User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Noun declension

Nouns are declined in case and number by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:

	singular	plural
nominative	-r	-rĩ
accusative	-	- ̃
oblique	-š	-šũ

An example is shown below: sobar, dog.

	sobar
	singular	plural
basic	sobar	sobarĩ
direct	soba	sobã
oblique	sobaš	sobašũ

As it can be noticed, the plural form of the accusative case always involves nasalization of the last vowel. This process may happen on every available vowel, but, if the last vowel is already nasal in the singular, the plural accusative form will be identical to its singular counterpart.

Nouns ending in a consonant in the singular direct case usually add a euphonic vowel before the endings of the other cases. There is no tendency on a specific euphonic vowel.

An example is shown below: rimər, world, earth.

	rimər
	singular	plural
basic	rimər	rimərĩ
direct	rim	rimə̃
oblique	riməš	riməšũ

In this case, the added vowel is -ə-, which is regularly nasalized in the accusative plural form. Every euphonic vowel is always shown in the citation form, the singular nominative case.

The vowels -ə-, -i- or -u- are often dropped in the accusative singular, when present before the nominative singular ending.

Some irregular nouns, whose base form ends in a vowel, can add an entire syllable before the case endings.

An example is shown below: swõnur, house.

	swõnur
	singular	plural
basic	swõnur	swõnurĩ
direct	swõ	swõnũ
oblique	swõnuš	swõnušũ

The irregularly added syllable is more than often -nə-, -ne-, -ni- or -no-. If the last vowel of the base form is nasalized, it can sometimes lose nasalization in the forms with the added syllable. This forms are regarded as irregular and, in earlier texts, they can display many alternatives: for example the word swõnur has earlier alternatives like accusative plural swonũ or oblique plural swõnošũ, already fallen out of use in modern texts.

Some nouns, whose roots end in a consonant cluster, can insert an euphonic vowel -ə- between these consonants in the accusative singular form.

An example is shown below: moɣžur, herd.

	moɣžur
	singular	plural
basic	moɣžur	moɣžurĩ
direct	moɣəž	moɣžũ
oblique	moɣžuš	moɣžušũ

The euphonic vowel is added only when the consonant cluster is unacceptable in final position according to phonotactical rules. When the consonant is accepted, no vowel is inserted.

A small amount of nouns diplay irregular plural endings:

	plural
nominative	-ir
accusative	-i
oblique	-iš

This endings usually trigger irregular consonantal and vocalic changes in the noun root (often due to methaponic processes).

An example is shown below: roɣur, eye.

	roɣur
	singular	plural
basic	roɣur	ruɣir
direct	rog	ruɣi
oblique	roɣuš	ruɣiš

From the previous example it can be noticed that nouns, whose nominative singular form ends in -ɣur, usually display an accusative singular form ending in -g.

Some nouns, conversely, display unpredictable irregularities, both vocalic and consonantal, in the noun root.

An example is shown below: rəjr, thing.

	rəjr
	singular	plural
basic	rəjr	rəjrĩ
direct	ri	rĩ
oblique	rəjš	rəjšũ

As noun declension often displays multiple irregularities, in the vocabulary section the accusative singular form is always cited for an irregular noun, while the accusative plural form is cited only when necessary:

• swõnur, n. (swõ), house.
• roɣur, n. (rog, ruɣi), eye.