|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{main|Βaβar}} | | {{main|Æbbro}} |
| This page gives an extensive description of '''Βaβar phonological''' features. | | This page gives an extensive description of '''Æbbro phonological''' features. |
| ==Consonants== | | ==Consonants== |
| The consonant system distinguishes 30 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme: | | The consonant system distinguishes 19 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme: |
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | <center>''IPA''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''Transcription''</center> | | | colspan="2" | || colspan="3" | <center>''IPA''</center> || colspan="3" | <center>''Transcription''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 120px;" rowspan="3" | <small>''ejective''</small> || style="width: 120px;"| <small>''alveolar''</small> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[tsʼ]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[tɬʼ]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>tsʼ</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>tɬʼ</center> | | | style="width: 120px;" rowspan="2" | <small>''plosive''</small> || style="width: 120px;"| <small>''voiceless''</small> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[p]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[k]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[t]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>p</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>k</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>t</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''velar''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[kxʼ]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>kxʼ</center> | | | <small>''voiced''</small> || <center>[b]</center> || <center>[g]</center> || <center>[d]</center> || <center>b</center> || <center>g</center> || <center>d</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''retroflex''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[ʈʂʼ]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>ʈʂʼ</center> | | | colspan="2" | <small>''nasal''</small> || <center>[m]</center> || <center>[n]</center> || <center>[ɲ]</center> || <center>m</center> || <center>n</center> || <center>ñ</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="5" | <small>''plosive''</small> || <small>''alveolar''</small> || <center>[t]</center> || <center>[d]</center> || <center>t</center> || <center>d</center> | | | colspan="2" | <small>''liquid''</small> || <center>[r]</center> || || <center>[l]</center> || <center>r</center> || || <center>l</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''velar''</small> || <center>[k]</center> || <center>[g]</center> || <center>k</center> || <center>g</center> | | | rowspan="5" | <small>''fricative''</small> ||<small>''velar''</small> || || <center>[ɣ]</center> || || || <center>ɣ</center> || |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''palatal''</small> || <center>[c]</center> || <center>[ɟ]</center> || <center>ç</center> || <center>ɟ</center> | | | <small>''sibilant''</small> || || <center>[s]</center> || || || <center>s</center> || |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''retroflex''</small> || <center>[ʈ]</center> || <center>[ɖ]</center> || <center>ʈ</center> || <center>ɖ</center> | | | <small>''alveolar''</small> || || <center>[ʃ]</center> || || || <center>š</center> || |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''uvular''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[q]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>q</center> | | | <small>''glottal''</small> || <center>[ʔ]</center> || || <center>[h]</center> || <center>ʔ</center> || || <center>h</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="3" | <small>''nasal''</small> || <small>''bilabial''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[m]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>m</center>
| | | <small>''approximant''</small> || <center>[j]</center> || || <center>[w]</center> || <center>j</center> || || <center>w</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''alveolar''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[n]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>n</center>
| | | colspan="2" | <small>''affricate''</small> || || <center>[ʦ]</center> || || || <center>ts</center> || |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''uvular''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[ɴ]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>ɴ</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <small>''liquid''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[r]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>r</center>
| |
| |- | |
| | rowspan="3" | <small>''fricative''</small> || <small>''bilabial''</small> || <center>[ɸ]</center> || <center>[β]</center> || <center>ɸ</center> || <center>β</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''alveolar''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[ð]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>ð</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''velar''</small> || <center>[x]</center> || <center>[ɣ]</center> || <center>x</center> || <center>ɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="3" | <small>''sibilant''</small> || <small>''alveolar''</small> || <center>[s]</center> || <center>[z]</center> || <center>s</center> || <center>z</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''post-alveolar''</small> || <center>[ʃ]</center> || <center>[ʒ]</center> || <center>š</center> || <center>ž</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''retroflex''</small> || <center>[ʂ]</center> || <center>[ʐ]</center> || <center>ʂ</center> || <center>ʐ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <small>''approximant''</small> || <center>[j]</center> || <center>[w]</center> || <center>j</center> || <center>w</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| There is a well developed separate group of ejective consonants, which distinguishes three sub-group: ''alveolar'', ''velar'', and ''retroflex''. The total amount of ejective phonemes is, however, four.
| | The group of the plosive consonants distinguishes three sub-groups: ''voiceless'', ''voiced'', and ''aspirated'', even though the voiced sub-group includes only the phoneme [g]. |
| | |
| The group of the plosive consonants is essentially rich and distinguishes four sub-groups: ''alveolar'', ''velar'', ''palatal'', ''retroflex'', and ''uvular'', even though the uvular include only the phoneme [q]. | |
| | |
| The group of the nasal is slighty poorer, but anyway quite developed, with the noteworthy presence of the uvular phoneme [ɴ]. The group of the liquid consonants is remarkably scarce, with the only phoneme [r].
| |
| | |
| The group of the fricative consonants is overall well developed, with three different points of articulation and a limited distinction between some voiced and voiceless phonemes. In the analysis, the group of the sibilant consonants is regarded as a separate group, with with three different points of articulation and an extensive distinction between voiced and voiceless phonemes too.
| |
| | |
| There is no affricate consonant. The phonemes [j] and [w] can have both a semivocalic and a full consonantal value.
| |
| | |
| Very importantly, both at a phonological and morphosyntactical level, all nasal and liquid consonant can function as syllabic nucleus, acquiring thus a syllabic value. In this case they are regarded as semivocalic consonants. This distinction, however, is not reflected in the written form, using the same letters as the full consonantal phonemes.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | The group of the fricative consonants is overall well developed, although less rich, like the group of the nasal and of the liquid consonants. The glottal consonant, [ʔ], while formally a plosive, is traditionally included in the fricative group. The phonemes [j] and [w] have a full consonantal value and they are never regarded as semivowels. |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | || <center>''IPA''</center> || <center>''Transcription''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 120px;" rowspan="3" | <small>''nasal''</small> || style="width: 120;"| <small>''bilabial''</small> || style="width: 60px;"| <center>[m̍]</center> || style="width: 60px;"| <center>m</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''alveolar''</small> ||<center>[n̍]</center> || <center>n</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''uvular''</small> || <center>[ɴ̍]</center> || <center>ɴ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <small>''liquid''</small> || <center>[r̍]</center> || <center>r</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
- Main article: Æbbro
This page gives an extensive description of Æbbro phonological features.
Consonants
The consonant system distinguishes 19 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme:
|
IPA |
Transcription
|
| plosive |
voiceless |
[p] |
[k] |
[t] |
p |
k |
t
|
| voiced |
[b] |
[g] |
[d] |
b |
g |
d
|
| nasal |
[m] |
[n] |
[ɲ] |
m |
n |
ñ
|
| liquid |
[r] |
|
[l] |
r |
|
l
|
| fricative |
velar |
|
[ɣ] |
|
|
ɣ |
|
| sibilant |
|
[s] |
|
|
s |
|
| alveolar |
|
[ʃ] |
|
|
š |
|
| glottal |
[ʔ] |
|
[h] |
ʔ |
|
h
|
| approximant |
[j] |
|
[w] |
j |
|
w
|
| affricate |
|
[ʦ] |
|
|
ts |
|
The group of the plosive consonants distinguishes three sub-groups: voiceless, voiced, and aspirated, even though the voiced sub-group includes only the phoneme [g].
The group of the fricative consonants is overall well developed, although less rich, like the group of the nasal and of the liquid consonants. The glottal consonant, [ʔ], while formally a plosive, is traditionally included in the fricative group. The phonemes [j] and [w] have a full consonantal value and they are never regarded as semivowels.
