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{{main|Ṙaçi}}
{{main|Dʰakʰi}}
This page gives an extensive description of '''Ṙaçi phonological''' features.
This page gives an extensive description of '''Dʰakʰi phonological''' features.
==Consonants==
==Consonants==
The consonant system distinguishes 42 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme:
The consonant system distinguishes 22 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-  
|-  
| colspan="2" | || colspan="3" | <center>''IPA''</center> || colspan="3" | <center>''Transcription''</center>
| colspan="2" | || colspan="3" | <center>''IPA''</center> || colspan="3" | <center>''Transcription''</center>
|-
|-
| style="width: 120px;" rowspan="5" | <small>''plosive''</small> || style="width: 120px;"| <small>''voiceless''</small> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[p]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[k]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[t]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>p</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>k</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>t</center>
| style="width: 120px;" rowspan="4" | <small>''plosive''</small> || style="width: 120px;"| <small>''voiceless''</small> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[p]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[k]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[t]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>p</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>k</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>t</center>
|-
|-
| <small>''voiced''</small> || <center>[b]</center> || <center>[g]</center> || <center>[d]</center> || <center>b</center> || <center>g</center> || <center>d</center>  
| <small>''voiced''</small> || <center>[b]</center> || <center>[g]</center> || <center>[d]</center> || <center>b</center> || <center>g</center> || <center>d</center>  
|-
|-
| <small>''uvular''</small> || || <center>[q]</center> || || || <center>q</center> ||
| <small>''palatal''</small> || <center>[c]</center> || || <center>[ɟ]</center> || <center>c</center> || || <center>ɟ</center>  
|-
|-
| <small>''glottal''</small> || || <center>[ʔ]</center> || || || <center>ʔ</center> ||  
| <small>''uvular''</small> || || <center>[q]</center> || || || <center>q</center> ||
|-
|-
| <small>''palatal''</small> || || <center>[ɟ]</center> || || || <center>ɟ</center> ||
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | <small>''nasal''</small> || <center>[n]</center> || <center>[ɴ]</center> || <center>[ɲ]</center> || <center>n</center> || <center>ṅ</center> || <center>ň</center>  
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | <small>''nasal''</small> || <center>[n]</center> || <center>[ɴ]</center> || <center>[ɲ]</center> || <center>n</center> || <center>ṅ</center> || <center>ň</center>  
|-
|-
| || <center>[m]</center> || || || <center>m</center> ||   
| || <center>[m]</center> || || || <center>m</center> ||   
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" | <small>''retroflex''</small> || <small>''dental''</small> || <center>[ʈ]</center> || || <center>[ɖ]</center> || <center>ʈ</center> || || <center>ɖ</center>
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | <small>''liquid''</small> || <center>[l]</center> || <center>[ɫ]</center> || <center>[ʎ]</center> || <center>l</center> || <center>ɫ</center> || <center>ʎ</center>  
|-
| <small>''nasal''</small> || || <center>[ɳ]</center> || || || <center>ɳ</center> ||
|-
| <small>''liquid''</small> || <center>[ɽ]</center> || <center>[ɻ]</center> || <center>[ɭ]</center> || <center>ɽ</center> || <center>ɽ̇</center> || <center>ɭ</center>
|-
| <small>''sibilant''</small> || <center>[ʂ]</center> || || <center>[ʐ]</center> || <center>ʂ</center> || || <center>ʐ</center>  
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>''liquid''</small> || <center>[r]</center> || || <center>[l]</center> || <center>r</center> || || <center>l</center>  
| <center>[r]</center> || <center>[ɽ]</center> || <center>[ʀ]</center> || <center>r</center> || <center>ṙ</center> || <center>ř</center>  
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" | <small>''fricative''</small> || <small>''sibilant''</small> || <center>[s]</center> || || <center>[z]</center> || <center>s</center> || || <center>z</center>
| rowspan="9" | <small>''fricative''</small> ||<small>''sibilant''</small> || || <center>[s]</center> || || || <center>s</center> ||  
|-
|-
| <small>''post-alveolar''</small> || <center>[ʃ]</center> || || <center>[ʒ]</center> || <center>š</center> || || <center>ž</center>  
| <small>''post-alveolar''</small> || <center>[ʃ]</center> || || <center>[ʒ]</center> || <center>š</center> || || <center>ž</center>  
|-
|-
| <small>''palatal-alveolar''</small> || || <center>[ɕ]</center> || || || <center>ɕ</center> ||  
| <small>''palato-alveolar''</small> || <center>[ɕ]</center> || || <center>[ʑ]</center> || <center>ɕ</center> || || <center>ʑ</center>
|-
|-
| <small>''palatal''</small> || <center>[ç]</center> || || <center>[ʝ]</center> || <center>ç</center> || || <center>ʝ</center>  
| <small>''palatal''</small> || <center>[ç]</center> || || <center>[ʝ]</center> || <center>ç</center> || || <center>ġ</center>  
|-
|-
| <small>''glottal''</small> || || <center>[h]</center> || || || <center>h</center> ||
| <small>''bilabial''</small> || <center>[ɸ]</center> || || <center>[β]</center> || <center>ɸ</center> || || <center>β</center>  
|-
|-
| <small>''velar''</small> || || <center>[x]</center> || || || <center>h</center> ||  
| <small>''velar''</small> || <center>[x]</center> || || <center>[ɣ]</center> || <center>x</center> || || <center>ɣ</center>
|-
|-
| <small>''pharyngeal''</small> || <center>[ħ]</center> || || <center>[ʕ]</center> || <center>ḣ</center> || || <center>ṙ</center>  
| <small>''dental''</small> || <center>[θ]</center> || || <center>[ð]</center> || <center>θ</center> || || <center>ð</center>  
|-
|-
| <small>''labio-dental''</small> || <center>[f]</center> || || <center>[v]</center> || <center>f</center> || || <center>v</center>
| <small>''glottal''</small> || || <center>[h]</center> || || || <center>h</center> ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>''affricate''</small> || <center>[ʧ]</center> || || <center>[ʤ]</center> || <center>č</center> || || <center>ǧ</center>
| <small>''labio-dental''</small> || || <center>[f]</center> || || || <center>f</center> ||  
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" | <small>''approximant''</small> || <small>''post-alveolar''</small> || <center>[j]</center> || || <center>[w]</center> || <center>j</center> || || <center>w</center>
| colspan="2" | <small>''affricate''</small> || || <center>[ʧ]</center> || || || <center>č</center> ||
|-
|-
| <small>''lateral''</small> || || <center>[ɬ]</center> || || || <center>[ɬ]</center> ||
| colspan="2" | <small>''approximant''</small> || || <center>[j]</center> || || || <center>j</center> ||  
|-
| <small>''labio-dental''</small> || || <center>[ʋ]</center> || || || <center>[ḃ]</center> ||
|-
|-
|}
|}


The group of the plosive consonants is essentially rich and distinguishes five sub-groups: ''voiceless'', ''voiced'', ''voiced aspirated'', ''uvular'', ''glottal'' and ''palatal'', even though the latter three sub-groups include only one phoneme each.
The group of the plosive consonants is essentially rich and distinguishes four sub-groups: ''voiceless'', ''voiced'', ''palatal'' and ''uvular'', even though the uvular sub-group includes only the phoneme [q].
 
The groups of the nasal is noticeably rich, while the group of the liquid is considerably poorer.  


There is an entire group of retroflex consonants, which is remarkably well developed and distinguishes four sub-groups, ''dental'', ''nasal'', ''liquid'', and ''sibilant''.
The groups of the nasal and of the liquid consonants are both developed and rich in the amount of phonemes and points of articulation poorer.


The group of the fricative consonants is overall well developed and rich in points of articulation, with an extensive distinction between voiced and voiceless phonemes.  
The group of the fricative consonants is overall very well developed and particularly rich in points of articulation, with an extended distinction between voiced and voiceless phonemes.  


There is are two affricate consonants, [ʧ] and [ʤ]. The group of the approximant is unexpectedly rich and developed, and it distinguishes three sub-groups, ''post-alveolar'', ''lateral'', and ''labio-dental''. The phonemes [j] and [w] can have both a semivocalic and a full consonantal value.
There is one affricate consonant, [ʧ]. The phoneme [j] can have both a semivocalic and a full consonantal value.

Revision as of 10:18, 22 April 2025

Main article: Dʰakʰi

This page gives an extensive description of Dʰakʰi phonological features.

Consonants

The consonant system distinguishes 22 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme:

IPA
Transcription
plosive voiceless
[p]
[k]
[t]
p
k
t
voiced
[b]
[g]
[d]
b
g
d
palatal
[c]
[ɟ]
c
ɟ
uvular
[q]
q
nasal
[n]
[ɴ]
[ɲ]
n
ṅ
ň
[m]
m
liquid
[l]
[ɫ]
[ʎ]
l
ɫ
ʎ
[r]
[ɽ]
[ʀ]
r
ṙ
ř
fricative sibilant
[s]
s
post-alveolar
[ʃ]
[ʒ]
š
ž
palato-alveolar
[ɕ]
[ʑ]
ɕ
ʑ
palatal
[ç]
[ʝ]
ç
ġ
bilabial
[ɸ]
[β]
ɸ
β
velar
[x]
[ɣ]
x
ɣ
dental
[θ]
[ð]
θ
ð
glottal
[h]
h
labio-dental
[f]
f
affricate
[ʧ]
č
approximant
[j]
j

The group of the plosive consonants is essentially rich and distinguishes four sub-groups: voiceless, voiced, palatal and uvular, even though the uvular sub-group includes only the phoneme [q].

The groups of the nasal and of the liquid consonants are both developed and rich in the amount of phonemes and points of articulation poorer.

The group of the fricative consonants is overall very well developed and particularly rich in points of articulation, with an extended distinction between voiced and voiceless phonemes.

There is one affricate consonant, [ʧ]. The phoneme [j] can have both a semivocalic and a full consonantal value.

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