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{{main|Proto-Saːkdi}}
{{main|Đaxi}}
This page gives an extensive description of '''Proto-Saːkdi phonological''' features.
This page gives an extensive description of '''Đaxi phonological''' features.
==Consonants==
==Consonants==
The consonant system distinguishes 24 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme:
The consonant system distinguishes 34 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-  
|-  
| colspan="2" | || colspan="3" | <center>''IPA''</center> || colspan="3" | <center>''Transcription''</center>
| colspan="2" | || colspan="3" | <center>''IPA''</center> || colspan="3" | <center>''Transcription''</center>
|-
|-
| style="width: 120px;" rowspan="5" | <small>''plosive''</small> || style="width: 120px;"| <small>''voiceless''</small> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[p]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[k]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[t]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>'''p'''</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>'''k'''</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>'''t'''</center>
| style="width: 120px;" rowspan="3" | <small>''plosive''</small> || style="width: 120px;"| <small>''voiced''</small> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[b]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[g]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[d]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>b</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>g</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>d</center>
|-
|-
| <small>''voiced''</small> || <center>[b]</center> || <center>[g]</center> || <center>[d]</center> || <center>'''b'''</center> || <center>'''g'''</center> || <center>'''d'''</center>  
| <small>''retroflex''</small> || <center>[ʈ]</center> || || <center>[ɖ]</center> || <center>ʈ</center> || || <center>ɖ</center>  
|-
|-
| <small>''retroflex''</small> || <center>[ʈ]</center> || || <center>[ɖ]</center> || <center>'''ʈ'''</center> || || <center>'''ɖ'''</center>
| <small>''glottal''</small> || || <center>[ʔ]</center> || || || <center>ʔ</center> ||
|-
|-
| <small>''pharyngeal''</small> || || <center>[ʡ]</center> || || || <center>'''ʡ'''</center> ||
| colspan="2" | <small>''nasal''</small> || <center>[m]</center> || || <center>[n]</center> || <center>m</center> || || <center>n</center>  
|-
|-
| <small>''uvular''</small> || || <center>[q]</center> || || || <center>'''q'''</center> ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | <small>''liquid''</small> || <center>[r]</center> || || <center>[l]</center> || <center>r</center> || || <center>l</center>  
|-
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | <small>''nasal''</small> || <center>[m]</center> || || <center>[n]</center> || <center>'''m'''</center> || || <center>'''n'''</center>  
| <center>[ɽ]</center> || || <center>[ʎ]</center> || <center>ɽ</center> || || <center>ʎ</center>  
|-
|-
| <center>[ɴ]</center> || || <center>[ŋ]</center> || <center>'''ɴ'''</center> || || <center>'''ŋ'''</center>  
| rowspan="9" | <small>''fricative''</small> ||<small>''sibilant''</small> || || <center>[s]</center> || || || <center>s</center> ||
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>''liquid''</small> || <center>[r]</center> || || <center>[l]</center> || <center>'''r'''</center> || || <center>'''l'''</center>
| <small>''retroflex''</small> || || <center>[ʂ]</center> || || || <center>ʂ</center> ||
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" | <small>''fricative''</small> ||<small>''sibilant''</small> || <center>[s]</center> || || <center>[z]</center> || <center>'''s'''</center> || || <center>'''z'''</center>  
| <small>''alveolar''</small> || <center>[ʃ]</center> || || <center>[ʒ]</center> || <center>š</center> || || <center>ž</center>  
|-
|-
| <small>''retroflex''</small> || <center>[ʂ]</center> || || <center>[ʐ]</center> || <center>ʂ</center> || || <center>'''ʐ'''</center>  
| <small>''velar''</small> || <center>[ɣ]</center> || || <center>[x]</center> || <center>ɣ</center> || || <center>x</center>  
|-
|-
| <small>''pharyngeal''</small> || || <center>[ħ]</center> || || || <center>'''ħ'''</center> ||   
| <small>''glottal''</small> || || <center>[ɦ]</center> || || || <center>h</center> ||   
|-
|-
| <small>''glottal''</small> || || <center>[h]</center> || || || <center>'''h'''</center> ||
| <small>''labio-dental''</small> || || <center>[v]</center> || || || <center>v</center> ||  
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>''approximant''</small> || <center>[j]</center> || || <center>[w]</center> || <center>'''j'''</center> || || <center>'''w'''</center>  
| <small>''palatal''</small> || <center>[ç]</center> || || <center>[ʝ]</center> || <center>ç</center> || || <center>ʝ</center>
|-
| <small>''bilabial''</small> || || <center>[β]</center> || || || <center>β</center> ||
|-
| <small>''dental''</small> || || <center>[ð]</center> || || || <center>ð</center> ||
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>''affricate''</small> || <center>[ʧ]</center> || || <center>[ʤ]</center> || <center>č</center> || || <center>ğ</center>
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>''approximant''</small> || <center>[j]</center> || || <center>[w]</center> || <center>j</center> || || <center>w</center>  
|-
|-
|}
|}


The group of the plosive consonants is essentially rich and balanced, and distinguishes five sub-groups: ''voiceless'', ''voiced'', ''retroflex'', ''pharyngeal'' and ''uvular'', even though the latter two sub-group includes only one phoneme each.
The group of the plosive consonants is essentially rich and distinguishes three sub-groups: ''voiced'', ''retroflex'' and ''glottal''. It remarkably lacks a group of voiceless consonants.


The group of the liquid consonants is substantially poorer, while the group of the nasal consonant is noticeably rich in points of articulation.
The groups of the nasal and of the liquid consonants are only slighty poorer, but anyway quite developed. The group of the liquid consonants noticeably includes a retroflex phoneme, [ɽ].


The group of the fricative consonants is overall scarce, both in the amount of phonemes and in points of articulation, with some distinctions between voiced and voiceless phonemes.
The group of the fricative consonants is overall very well developed and particularly rich in points of articulation, with some distinctions between voiced and voiceless phonemes.  


There is no affricate consonant. The phonemes [j] and [w] can have both a semivocalic and a full consonantal value.
There are two affricate consonants, [ʧ] and [ʤ]. The phonemes [j] and [w] can have both a semivocalic and a full consonantal value.

Revision as of 05:21, 22 April 2025

Main article: Đaxi

This page gives an extensive description of Đaxi phonological features.

Consonants

The consonant system distinguishes 34 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme:

IPA
Transcription
plosive voiced
[b]
[g]
[d]
b
g
d
retroflex
[ʈ]
[ɖ]
ʈ
ɖ
glottal
[ʔ]
ʔ
nasal
[m]
[n]
m
n
liquid
[r]
[l]
r
l
[ɽ]
[ʎ]
ɽ
ʎ
fricative sibilant
[s]
s
retroflex
[ʂ]
ʂ
alveolar
[ʃ]
[ʒ]
š
ž
velar
[ɣ]
[x]
ɣ
x
glottal
[ɦ]
h
labio-dental
[v]
v
palatal
[ç]
[ʝ]
ç
ʝ
bilabial
[β]
β
dental
[ð]
ð
affricate
[ʧ]
[ʤ]
č
ğ
approximant
[j]
[w]
j
w

The group of the plosive consonants is essentially rich and distinguishes three sub-groups: voiced, retroflex and glottal. It remarkably lacks a group of voiceless consonants.

The groups of the nasal and of the liquid consonants are only slighty poorer, but anyway quite developed. The group of the liquid consonants noticeably includes a retroflex phoneme, [ɽ].

The group of the fricative consonants is overall very well developed and particularly rich in points of articulation, with some distinctions between voiced and voiceless phonemes.

There are two affricate consonants, [ʧ] and [ʤ]. The phonemes [j] and [w] can have both a semivocalic and a full consonantal value.

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