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{{main|Pı̇ħ}}
{{main|Pı̇ħ}}
This page gives an extensive description of '''Pı̇ħ syntactical''' features.
This page gives an extensive description of '''Pı̇ħ phonological''' features.
==Main clause and word order==
==Consonants==
Pı̇ħ is an almost strictly '''SOV''' (''Subject-Object-Verb'') language.
The consonant system distinguishes 17 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme:
{| class="wikitable"
'''nɔɴqɛ̣h qon su̇h njạ'''
|-
  <small>the man sees the dog</small>
| colspan="2" | || colspan="3" | <center>''IPA''</center> || colspan="3" | <center>''Transcription''</center>
|-
| style="width: 120px;" rowspan="2" | <small>''plosive''</small> || style="width: 120px;"| rowspan="2" || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[p]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[k]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[t]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>'''p'''</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>'''k'''</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>'''t'''</center>
|-
| <center>[q]</center> || || <center>[ʔ]</center> || <center>'''q'''</center> || || <center>ʔ</center>
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>''nasal''</small> || <center>[m]</center> || <center>[n]</center> || <center>[ɲ]</center> || <center>m</center> || <center>n</center> || <center>ñ</center>
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>''liquid''</small> || <center>[r]</center> || || <center>[l]</center> || <center>r</center> || || <center>l</center>
|-
| rowspan="5" | <small>''fricative''</small> ||<small>''velar''</small> || || <center>[ɣ]</center> || || || <center>ɣ</center> ||
|-
| <small>''sibilant''</small> || || <center>[s]</center> || || || <center>s</center> ||
|-
| <small>''alveolar''</small> || || <center>[ʃ]</center> || || || <center>š</center> ||
|-
| <small>''alveolar''</small> || <center>[ʔ]</center> || || <center>[h]</center> || <center>ʔ</center> ||  || <center>h</center>
|-
| <small>''approximant''</small> || <center>[j]</center> || || <center>[w]</center> || <center>j</center> || || <center>w</center>
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>''affricate''</small> || || <center>[ʦ]</center> || || || <center>ts</center> ||
|-
|}


The total lack of any case system, and of any distinction between the subject and the direct object, makes the word order firmly fixed.
The group of the plosive consonants distinguishes three sub-groups: ''voiceless'', ''voiced'', and ''aspirated'', even though the voiced sub-group includes only the phoneme [g].


The other elements in the sentence are usually placed in the order “''place-manner-cause-time''”, although they are basically freer than the main elements, as they are conveyed by the case system or by the prepositions. The indirect object tends to be placed ''after'' the direct object of the sentence.
The group of the fricative consonants is overall well developed, although less rich, like the group of the nasal and of the liquid consonants. The glottal consonant, [ʔ], while formally a plosive, is traditionally included in the fricative group. The phonemes [j] and [w] have a full consonantal value and they are never regarded as semivowels.
 
Any of the elements can be emphasized by placing it at the beginning or in the end of the sentence. This can be done through the evidential particle '''ɛħ''', which is to be placed after the emphasized element.
 
'''qon ʔạ ɛħ nɔɴqɛ̣h su̇h njạ'''
<small>it's the dog the man sees</small>
 
By using the evidential particle, every preposition of any kind must be clearly expressed.

Revision as of 09:04, 12 April 2025

Main article: Pı̇ħ

This page gives an extensive description of Pı̇ħ phonological features.

Consonants

The consonant system distinguishes 17 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme:

IPA
Transcription
plosive rowspan="2"
[p]
[k]
[t]
p
k
t
[q]
[ʔ]
q
ʔ
nasal
[m]
[n]
[ɲ]
m
n
ñ
liquid
[r]
[l]
r
l
fricative velar
[ɣ]
ɣ
sibilant
[s]
s
alveolar
[ʃ]
š
alveolar
[ʔ]
[h]
ʔ
h
approximant
[j]
[w]
j
w
affricate
[ʦ]
ts

The group of the plosive consonants distinguishes three sub-groups: voiceless, voiced, and aspirated, even though the voiced sub-group includes only the phoneme [g].

The group of the fricative consonants is overall well developed, although less rich, like the group of the nasal and of the liquid consonants. The glottal consonant, [ʔ], while formally a plosive, is traditionally included in the fricative group. The phonemes [j] and [w] have a full consonantal value and they are never regarded as semivowels.

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