User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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{{main|Proto-Piti}}
{{main|Pı̀}}
This page gives an extensive description of '''Proto-Piti syntactical''' features.
This page gives an extensive description of '''Pı̀ syntactical''' features.
==Main clause and word order==
==Main clause and word order==
In its earlier stage, Proto-Piti is a mainly '''VSO''' (''Verb-Subject-Object'') language.  This stage is clearly proved by the cliticization phenomenon of the archaic personal pronouns to the verbal form.
Pı̀ is an almost strictly '''SVO''' (''Subject-Verb-Object'') language.  
 
<b>liːloṕ oɬ ɬiːro</b> → <b>liːloṕoɬ ɬiːro</b>
<small>see I man → I see the man</small>
 
After this earlier stage, before the diaspora, the word order changes in an almost strictly '''SOV''' (''Subject-Object-Verb''). There are no traces hinting to whether other typological parameters have already changed or are about to change at this point.  
   
   
  <b>ɬiːroli sopa liːloṕ(æt́)</b>
  ɔ̄̀nhɛ̱ sū̀ ña̱ hó
  <small>the man sees the dog</small>
  <small>the man sees the dog</small>


The quite rich case system allows every other possible word order, but most of them prove to be very marked and infrequently used. The only word order with a clear role and a frequent usage is '''OSV''' (''Object-Subject-Verbs''), which marks the so-called ''passive construct''.
The total lack of any case system, and of any distinction between the subject and the direct object, makes the word order firmly fixed.
 
<b>ɬiːroli sopa liːloṕ(æt́)</b> → <b>sopa ɬiːroli liːloṕ(æt́)</b>
  <small>the man sees the dog → the dog is seen by the man</small>
 
The other elements in the sentence are usually placed in the order “''place-manner-cause-time''”, although they are basically freer than the main elements. An object in the dative case, when conveying the indirect object, can be freely be placed ''before'' or ''after'' the direct object of the sentence, with a slight tendence to be placed ''after'' it.


<b>ɬiːroli χeːmæ sopaχæ ʔakoɬæk(æt́)</b> / <b>ɬiːroli sopaχæ χeːmæ ʔakoɬæk(æt́)</b>
The other elements in the sentence are usually placed in the order “''time-cause-manner-place''”, although they are basically freer than the main elements, as they are conveyed by the case system or by the prepositions. The indirect object tends to be placed ''before'' the direct object of the sentence.
<small>the man gives bread to the dog / the man gives the dog bread</small>


A peculiar feature is the verbal ''infinitival agreement'': when infinitival forms, as nominal forms of the verbs, take a direct object, are regarded as an expression of belonging, and the direct object is declined in the ''ablative'' case.
Any of the elements can be emphasized by placing it at the beginning or in the end of the sentence. This can be done through the evidential particle ɛ̀, which is to be placed after the emphasized element.


  <b>sopaʂu liːloṕæme ʔiːsoɬ</b>
  a̱ hó ɛ̀ ɔ̄̀nhɛ̱ sū̀ ña̱
  <small>I do not see the dog.</small>
  <small>it's the dog the man sees</small>


Moreover, as it can been seen in the example above, when an infinitival form is governed by a modal verb (among which the negative root '''ʔiːs-''' is found), the infinitive is always placed before the conjugated modal form.
By using the evidential particle, every preposition of every kind must be expressed.

Revision as of 04:51, 12 April 2025

Main article: Pı̀

This page gives an extensive description of Pı̀ syntactical features.

Main clause and word order

Pı̀ is an almost strictly SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) language. 

ɔ̄̀nhɛ̱ sū̀ ña̱ hó 
the man sees the dog

The total lack of any case system, and of any distinction between the subject and the direct object, makes the word order firmly fixed.

The other elements in the sentence are usually placed in the order “time-cause-manner-place”, although they are basically freer than the main elements, as they are conveyed by the case system or by the prepositions. The indirect object tends to be placed before the direct object of the sentence.

Any of the elements can be emphasized by placing it at the beginning or in the end of the sentence. This can be done through the evidential particle ɛ̀, which is to be placed after the emphasized element. 

a̱ hó ɛ̀ ɔ̄̀nhɛ̱ sū̀ ña̱ 
it's the dog the man sees

By using the evidential particle, every preposition of every kind must be expressed.

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