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| {{main|Βaβar}} | | {{main|Ancient Figo}} |
| This page gives an extensive description of '''Βaβar morphological''' features. | | This page gives an extensive description of '''ancient Figo syntactical''' features. |
| ==Numerals== | | ==Main clause and word order== |
| The numeral system relies on a mixed system of decimal base and a vigesimal base.
| | Kī́rtako is an almost strictly '''SOV''' (''Subject-Object-Verb'') language. |
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| The first ten cardinal numbers are noun-like forms on their own:
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| {|-
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| |-
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| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''1'':</center> || īɴ
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| |-
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| | <center>''2'':</center> || gaɸ
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| |-
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| | <center>''3'':</center> || zgū
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| |-
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| | <center>''4'':</center> || dāk
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| |-
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| | <center>''5'':</center> || atsʼ
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| |-
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| | <center>''6'':</center> || trikxʼ
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| |-
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| | <center>''7'':</center> || rməq
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| |-
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| | <center>''8'':</center> || dākr
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| |-
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| | <center>''9'':</center> || īɴɸə
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| |-
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| | <center>''10'':</center> || ɸək
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| |}
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| Numerals from 11 to 19 are built with the construction NUM + i + ɸək. If the numeral ends in a vowel, the -i turns into -j:
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| {|-
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| |-
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| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''11'':</center> || īɴiɸək
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| |-
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| | <center>''12'':</center> || gaɸiɸək
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| |-
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| | <center>''13'':</center> || zgūjɸək
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| |-
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| | <center>''14'':</center> || dākiɸək
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| |-
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| | <center>''15'':</center> || atsʼiɸək
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| |-
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| | <center>''16'':</center> || trikxʼiɸək
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| |-
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| | <center>''17'':</center> || rməqiɸək
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| |-
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| | <center>''18'':</center> || dākriɸək
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| |-
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| | <center>''19'':</center> || īɴɸəjɸək
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| |}
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| The numeral for tens is built with the construction NUM + ī:
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| {|-
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| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''tens'':</small></center> || style="width: 40px;"| ɸəkī
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| |}
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| The numerals for 20 is a noun-like form on their own:
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| {|-
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| |-
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| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''20'':</center> || gāɸī
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| |}
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| Numerals for 30, 50, 70 and 90 are built with the construction NUM + ɸəkī:
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| {|-
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| |-
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| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''30'':</center> || zgūɸəkī
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| |-
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| | <center>''50'':</center> || atsʼɸəkī
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| |-
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| | <center>''70'':</center> || rməqɸəkī
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| |-
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| | <center>''90'':</center> || īɴɸəɸəkī
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| |}
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| Numerals for 40, 60 and 80 are built with the construction 2 / 3 / 4 + gāɸī:
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| {|-
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| |-
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| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
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| | <center>''40'':</center> || gaɸgāɸī
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| |-
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| | <center>''60'':</center> || zgūgāɸī
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| |-
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| | <center>''80'':</center> || dākgāɸī
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| |}
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| The numerals for ''(one) hundred'' and ''(one) thousand'' are noun-like forms on their own:
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| {|-
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| |-
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| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''100'':</center> || žaβ
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| |-
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| | <center>''1000'':</center> || kx‘ruç
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| |}
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| The numerals for the multiples of hundreds and thousands are built with the construction NUM + (i) + žaβī / kx‘ruçī:
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| {|-
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| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small></small></center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center><small>''hundreds''</small></center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center><small>''thousands''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''2x'':</small></center> || gaɸžaβī || gaɸkx‘ruçī
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''3x'':</small></center> || zgūžaβī || zgūkx‘ruçī
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''4x'':</small></center> || dākžaβī|| dākikx‘ruçī
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| | <center><small>''5x'':</small></center> || atsʼižaβī || atsʼkx‘ruçī
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| | <center><small>''6x'':</small></center> || trikxiʼžaβī || trikxʼikx‘ruçī
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''7x'':</small></center> || rməqižaβī || rməqikx‘ruçī
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''8x'':</small></center> || dākrižaβī || dākrikx‘ruçī
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''9x'':</small></center> || īɴɸəžaβī || īɴɸəkx‘ruçī
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| |}
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| Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:
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| *''1985'': kx‘ruç īɴɸəžaβī dākgāɸī atsʼ
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| All cardinal numerals up to these forms are treated as adjective-like forms. They decline according to their adjoining nouns in case, but they do not agree in number. Numerals do decline only in singular number.
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| The numerals for “million” and “billion” are nominal forms on their own (the latter is an adapted loanword from modern Figo language):
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| {|-
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| | style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
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| | <center>''1,000,000'':</center> || ʈʂʼamʈʂʼam (<small>reduplicated from ʈʂʼam, ''great amount''</small>)
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| |-
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| | <center>''1,000,000,000'':</center> || mišurintu (<small>from m. F. mešurentur</small>)
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| |}
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| These forms are treated as regularly declinable nouns. If these numerals are used as simple count forms, they are declined in the nominative case. Inside of a structured sentence, they are declined according the case required by their syntactical role. Nouns adjoining such numerals are declined in the genitive-dative case and are followed by the postposition ɣm:
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| βaraɟ ɣm īɴ ʈʂʼamʈʂʼam | | līruli soba līločeš |
| <small>one million people</small> | | <small>the man sees the dog</small> |
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| βaraɟ ɣm gaɸ mišurintūɟ ɟn
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| <small>to two billions people</small>
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| In the latest texts, however, nouns adjoining these numerals arenot followed by any postposition:
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| βaraɟ gaɸ mišurintūɟ ɟn
| | The quite rich case system allows every other possible word order, but most of them prove to be very marked and infrequently used. The only word order with a clear role and a frequent usage is '''OSV''' (''Object-Subject-Verbs''), which marks the so-called ''passive construct''. |
| <small>to two billions people</small>
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|
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| In the earlier modern period the idea of “zero” is introduced from Iðâɣ language. This numeral is however usually limited to mathematics:
| | sopa wī́roli lī́lop |
| {|-
| | <small>the dog is seen by the man</small> |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''0'':</center> || xisū (<small>from I. xesú</small>)
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| |}
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|
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| Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the ordinal ending -ð, sometimes preceded by -i-, to the cardinal numeral form, with an irregular suppletive form:
| | The other elements in the sentence are usually placed in the order “''place-manner-cause-time''”, although they are basically freer than the main elements. An object in the dative case, when conveying the indirect object, tends to be placed ''before'' the direct object of the sentence. |
| {|-
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| |-
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| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''adjective form''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''1<sup>st</sup>'':</center> || rārm
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| |-
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| | <center>''2<sup>nd</sup>'':</center> || gaɸið
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| |-
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| | <center>''3<sup>rd</sup>'':</center> || zgūð
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| |-
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| | <center>''4<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || dākið
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| |-
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| | <center>''5<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || atsʼið
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| |-
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| | <center>''6<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || trikxʼið
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| |-
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| | <center>''7<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || rməqið
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| |-
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| | <center>''8<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || dākrið
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| |-
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| | <center>''9<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || īɴɸəð
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| |-
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| | <center>''10<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ɸəkið
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| |-
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| | <center>''11<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || īɴiɸəkið
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| | <center>''12<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || gaɸiɸəkið
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| |-
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| | <center>''20<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || gāɸīð
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| |-
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| | <center>''60<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || zgūgāɸīð
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| |}
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|
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| Ordinal numerals for “millionth” and “billionth” are regularly formed from their corresponding cardinal forms, while their multiples are formed by unifying the separated forms in an only adjectival word:
| | A peculiar feature is the verbal ''infinitival agreement'': when infinitival forms, as nominal forms of the verbs, take a direct object, are regarded as an expression of belonging, and the direct object is declined in the ''ablative'' case. |
|
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|
| {|-
| | sopašu lī́lopiñɑme ʔī́sow |
| |-
| | <small>I do not see the dog.</small> |
| | style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''adjective form''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''1,000,000<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ʈʂʼamʈʂʼamð
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| |-
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| | <center>''1,000,000,000<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || mišurintuð
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| |-
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| | <center>''3,000,000,000<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || zgūmišurintuð
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| |}
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|
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| If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
| | Moreover, as it can been seen in the example above, when an infinitival form is governed by a modal verb or by the negative verb ʔī́sɑme, the infinitive is always placed before the conjugated modal form. |
| *''25<sup>th</sup>'': gāɸī atsʼið
| |
- Main article: Ancient Figo
This page gives an extensive description of ancient Figo syntactical features.
Main clause and word order
Kī́rtako is an almost strictly SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) language.
līruli soba līločeš
the man sees the dog
The quite rich case system allows every other possible word order, but most of them prove to be very marked and infrequently used. The only word order with a clear role and a frequent usage is OSV (Object-Subject-Verbs), which marks the so-called passive construct.
sopa wī́roli lī́lop
the dog is seen by the man
The other elements in the sentence are usually placed in the order “place-manner-cause-time”, although they are basically freer than the main elements. An object in the dative case, when conveying the indirect object, tends to be placed before the direct object of the sentence.
A peculiar feature is the verbal infinitival agreement: when infinitival forms, as nominal forms of the verbs, take a direct object, are regarded as an expression of belonging, and the direct object is declined in the ablative case.
sopašu lī́lopiñɑme ʔī́sow
I do not see the dog.
Moreover, as it can been seen in the example above, when an infinitival form is governed by a modal verb or by the negative verb ʔī́sɑme, the infinitive is always placed before the conjugated modal form.
