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{{main|Proto-Alri}}
{{main|Rertu}}
This page gives an extensive description of '''Proto-Alri morphological''' features.
This page gives an extensive description of '''Rertu morphological''' features.
==Numerals==
==Numerals==
Numeral roots are meant as nominal-verbal roots, with a (C)VC- structure.
The numeral system relies on a decimal base.
The numeral system relies on a decimal base.


Line 10: Line 8:
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>  
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| <center>''1'':</center> || '''ṫjes-'''
| <center>''1'':</center> || pɛ̄́m
|-
|-
| <center>''2'':</center> || '''moʈ-'''
| <center>''2'':</center> || laz
|-
|-
| <center>''3'':</center> || '''pʰijn-'''
| <center>''3'':</center> || hū́d
|-
|-
| <center>''4'':</center> || '''sjajr-'''
| <center>''4'':</center> || ɟā̀r
|-
|-
| <center>''5'':</center> || '''ʂewṗ-'''
| <center>''5'':</center> || šuʔ
|-
|-
| <center>''6'':</center> || '''kakʰ-'''
| <center>''6'':</center> || tū̀ŋ
|-
|-
| <center>''7'':</center> || '''njuʂ-'''
| <center>''7'':</center> || kī́r
|-
|-
| <center>''8'':</center> || '''towʡ-'''
| <center>''8'':</center> || žḗr
|-
|-
| <center>''9'':</center> || '''pəjt-'''
| <center>''9'':</center> || bɔp
|-
|-
| <center>''10'':</center> || '''lujm-'''
| <center>''10'':</center> || šū̀l
|}
|}


The numerals for ''(one) hundred'' and ''(one) thousand'' are forms on their own:
Numerals from 11 to 19 are built with the construction NUM + phḗʔo + na:
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>  
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>  
|-
| <center>''100'':</center>  || '''ʂowk̇-'''
|-
|-
| <center>''1000'':</center> || '''k̇ajʂ-'''
| <center>''11'':</center> || šā́ʔophḗʔona
|}
 
If these roots have an adjoining noun, the adjectival ending '''-i''' is added to them. They are therefore treated like an adjective and declined in agreement with the noun.
 
'''ʂewṗ-''' → '''ʂewṗ-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ʂewṗi'''
<small>five</small>
 
If these roots are used as simple count forms, or in a pronominal role, the nominal ending '''-e''' is added to them. They are therefore treated like a pronoun and declined according the case required by their syntactical role.
 
'''njuʂ-''' → '''njuʂ-''' + '''-e-''' → '''njuʂe'''
<small>seven</small>
 
Other numerals do not have indipendent roots. Their forms are built by combining quite freely the already existing roots. There are no fixed construction patterns, as it is noticeable from the different results in daughter languages.
 
The numerals for tens, hundreds and thousands can be built:
 
*With the numeral root + the nominal ending '''-e''', as an independent numeral form, NUM + '''-e''':
 
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 60px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| <center>''12'':</center> || ʔakiphḗʔona
|-
|-
| <center>''tens'':</center> || '''lujime'''
| <center>''13'':</center> || mikṓphḗʔona
|-
|-
| <center>''hundreds'':</center> || '''ʂowk̇e'''
| <center>''14'':</center> || gṓwephḗʔona
|-
|-
| <center>''thousands'':</center> || '''k̇ajʂe'''
| <center>''15'':</center> || pā́gephḗʔona
|}
 
*With the numeral root + the derivative suffix '''-ʂi''', as an independent numeral form, NUM + '''-ʂi''':
 
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 60px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| <center>''16'':</center> || thū́waphḗʔona
|-
|-
| <center>''tens'':</center> || '''lujimʂi'''
| <center>''17'':</center> || hašɑphḗʔona
|-
|-
| <center>''hundreds'':</center> || '''ʂowk̇ʂi'''
| <center>''18'':</center> || kuʔephḗʔona
|-
|-
| <center>''thousands'':</center> || '''k̇ajʂəʂi'''
| <center>''19'':</center> || tsṓjuphḗʔona
|}
|}


The numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands can be built:
The numerals for ''(one) hundred'' and ''(one) thousand'' are forms on their own:
 
*With the numeral root + '''lujme'''/'''ʂowk̇e'''/'''k̇ajʂe''' in the plural number, NUM + '''-lujmej'''/'''-ʂowk̇ej'''/'''-k̇ajʂej''':
 
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>  
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| <center>''30'':</center> || '''moʈlujmej'''
| <center>''100'':</center> || ñā́tu
|-
|-
| <center>''600'':</center> || '''sjajrʂowk̇ej'''
| <center>''1000'':</center> || wiʔā́
|-
| <center>''9000'':</center> || '''kakʰk̇ajʂej'''
|}
|}


*With the numeral root + '''lujmʂi'''/'''ʂowk̇ʂi'''/'''k̇ajʂəʂi''' in the plural number, NUM + '''-lujmʂij'''/'''-ʂowk̇ʂij'''/'''-k̇ajʂəʂij''':
The numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands are built with the construction NUM + re + phḗʔo/ñā́tu/wiʔā́:
 
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>  
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small></small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''tens''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''hundreds''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''thousands''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''2x'':</small></center> || ʔakirephḗʔo || ʔakireñā́tu || ʔakirewiʔā́
|-
|-
| <center>''30'':</center> || '''moʈlujmʂij'''
| <center><small>''3x'':</small></center> || mikṓrephḗʔo || mikṓreñā́tu || mikṓrewiʔā́
|-
|-
| <center>''600'':</center> || '''sjajrʂowk̇ʂij'''
| <center><small>''4x'':</small></center> || gṓwerephḗʔo || gṓwereñā́tu || gṓwerewiʔā́
|-
|-
| <center>''9000'':</center> || '''kakʰk̇ajʂəʂij'''
| <center><small>''5x'':</small></center> || pā́gerephḗʔo || pā́gereñā́tu || pā́gerewiʔā́
|}
 
Numerals from 11 to 19 can be built:
 
*With the numeral root + the adjectival or nominal ending + '''lujmʂi''', NUM + '''-i'''/'''-e''' + '''-lujmʂi'''
 
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| <center><small>''6x'':</small></center> || thū́warephḗʔo || thū́wareñā́tu || thū́warewiʔā́
|-
|-
| <center>''11'':</center> || '''ṫjesilujmʂi''' / '''ṫjeselujmʂi'''
| <center><small>''7x'':</small></center> || hašɑrephḗʔo || hašɑreñā́tu || hašɑrewiʔā́
|}
 
*With '''-lujme''' + the postposition '''nje''', ''over'', + the numeral root + the adjectival or nominal ending, '''lujme''' + '''nje''' + NUM + '''-i'''/'''-e''':
 
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| <center><small>''8x'':</small></center> || kuʔerephḗʔo || kuʔereñā́tu || kuʔerewiʔā́
|-
|-
| <center>''11'':</center> || '''lujmenjeṫjesi''' / '''lujmenjeṫjese'''
| <center><small>''9x'':</small></center> || tsṓjurephḗʔo || tsṓjureñā́tu || tsṓjurewiʔā́
|}
|}


Numbers above the multiples of thousands have no name and are specified by the lesser numerals.
Numbers above the multiples of thousands have no name and are specified by the lesser numerals.


Composite numbers can be built:
Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:
 
*''1985'': wiʔā́ tsṓjureñā́tu kuʔerephḗʔo pā́ge
*by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:
{|-
|-
| style="width: 60px;"| <center>''1985''</center> || '''k̇ajʂe pəjtʂowk̇ej towʡlujmej ʂewṗe'''
|}
 
*by linking them with the conjunction '''tʰe''', ''and'', in descending order:
{|-
|-
| style="width: 60px;"| <center>''1985''</center> || '''k̇ajʂe tʰe pəjtʂowk̇ej tʰe towʡlujmej tʰe ʂewṗe'''
|}
 
Ordinal numerals are be built with the numeral root + the comparative suffix '''-is''' + the adjectival ending '''-i''', NUM + '''-is-''' + '''-i''':
 
'''ṫjes-''' + '''-is-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjesisi'''
<small>one → first</small>


The first 10 ordinal numerals are:
All cardinal numerals are meant as invariable forms.


Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the adjectival ending -ko to the cardinal numeral form:
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>  
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''adjective form''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| <center>''1<sup>st</sup>'':</center> || '''ṫjesisi'''
| <center>''1<sup>st</sup>'':</center> || šā́ʔoko
|-
|-
| <center>''2<sup>nd</sup>'':</center> || '''moʈisi'''
| <center>''2<sup>nd</sup>'':</center> || ʔakiko
|-
|-
| <center>''3<sup>rd</sup>'':</center> || '''pʰijnisi'''
| <center>''3<sup>rd</sup>'':</center> || mikṓko
|-
| <center>''4<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''sjajrisi'''
|-
| <center>''5<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''ʂewṗisi'''
|-
| <center>''6<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''kakʰisi'''
|-
| <center>''7<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''njuʂisi-'''
|-
| <center>''8<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''towʡisi'''
|-
| <center>''9<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''pəjtisi'''
|-
| <center>''10<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''lujmisi'''
|}
 
For the ordinal numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands the comparative suffix -is- replaces the nominal or adjectival ending '''-e'''/'''-i'''.
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 60px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''adjective form''</small></center>  
| <center>''4<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || gṓweko
|-
|-
| <center>''11<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || '''ṫjesilujmʂisi''' / '''lujmenjeṫjesisi'''
| <center>''5<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || pā́geko
|-
|-
| <center>''12<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || '''moʈilujmʂisi''' / '''lujmenjemoʈisi'''
| <center>''6<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || thū́wako
|-
|-
| <center>''20<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || '''moʈlujmisi''' / '''moʈlujmʂisi'''
| <center>''7<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || hašɑko
|-
|-
| <center>''30<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || '''pʰijnlujmisi''' / '''pʰijnlujmʂisi'''
| <center>''8<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || kuʔeko
|-
|-
| <center>''600<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || '''kakʰʂowk̇isi''' / '''kakʰʂowk̇ʂisi'''
| <center>''9<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || tsṓjuko
|-
|-
| <center>''9000<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || '''pəjtk̇ajʂisi ''' / '''pəjtk̇ajʂəʂisi'''
| <center>''10<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || phḗʔoko
|}
|}


If the numeral form is composite, the comparative ending is added to every form, and they agree with their adjoining noun in case and number:
If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
*''378<sup>th</sup>'': '''pʰijnʂowk̇isi (tʰe) njuʂlujmisi (tʰe) towʡisi'''
*''25<sup>th</sup>'': ʔakirephḗʔo pā́geko

Revision as of 09:16, 2 April 2025

Main article: Rertu

This page gives an extensive description of Rertu morphological features.

Numerals

The numeral system relies on a decimal base.

The first ten cardinal numbers are forms on their own:

digit
full form
1:
 pɛ̄́m
2:
 laz
3:
 hū́d
4:
 ɟā̀r
5:
 šuʔ
6:
 tū̀ŋ
7:
 kī́r
8:
 žḗr
9:
 bɔp
10:
 šū̀l

Numerals from 11 to 19 are built with the construction NUM + phḗʔo + na:

digit
full form
11:
 šā́ʔophḗʔona
12:
 ʔakiphḗʔona
13:
 mikṓphḗʔona
14:
 gṓwephḗʔona
15:
 pā́gephḗʔona
16:
 thū́waphḗʔona
17:
 hašɑphḗʔona
18:
 kuʔephḗʔona
19:
 tsṓjuphḗʔona

The numerals for (one) hundred and (one) thousand are forms on their own:

digit
full form
100:
 ñā́tu
1000:
 wiʔā́

The numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands are built with the construction NUM + re + phḗʔo/ñā́tu/wiʔā́:

tens
hundreds
thousands
2x:
 ʔakirephḗʔo ʔakireñā́tu ʔakirewiʔā́
3x:
 mikṓrephḗʔo mikṓreñā́tu mikṓrewiʔā́
4x:
 gṓwerephḗʔo gṓwereñā́tu gṓwerewiʔā́
5x:
 pā́gerephḗʔo pā́gereñā́tu pā́gerewiʔā́
6x:
 thū́warephḗʔo thū́wareñā́tu thū́warewiʔā́
7x:
 hašɑrephḗʔo hašɑreñā́tu hašɑrewiʔā́
8x:
 kuʔerephḗʔo kuʔereñā́tu kuʔerewiʔā́
9x:
 tsṓjurephḗʔo tsṓjureñā́tu tsṓjurewiʔā́

Numbers above the multiples of thousands have no name and are specified by the lesser numerals.

Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:

  • 1985: wiʔā́ tsṓjureñā́tu kuʔerephḗʔo pā́ge

All cardinal numerals are meant as invariable forms.

Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the adjectival ending -ko to the cardinal numeral form:

digit
adjective form
1st:
 šā́ʔoko
2nd:
 ʔakiko
3rd:
 mikṓko
4th:
 gṓweko
5th:
 pā́geko
6th:
 thū́wako
7th:
 hašɑko
8th:
 kuʔeko
9th:
 tsṓjuko
10th:
 phḗʔoko

If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:

  • 25th: ʔakirephḗʔo pā́geko
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