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| ======Active participle======
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| The '''active participle''' displays a ''present'' and a ''past'' form, both simple. It is marked by the infinitival ending. It is formed by placing the active participial ending, while the past form is also formed through the augment, qa-:
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. I''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. II''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. III''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. IV''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. V''</small></center>
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| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>čö̃kjytə</center> || <center>civojytə</center> || <center>bɛðöjytə</center> || <center>žemõjytə</center> || <center>tumajytə</center>
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| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>qačö̃kjytə</center> || <center>qacivojytə</center> || <center>qaβɛðöjytə</center> || <center>qažemõjytə</center> || <center>qatumajytə</center>
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| There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs in each conjugation for the active participle. Irregularities are essentially caused by the alteration of the final root consonant (<small>often by dropping the semivowel -j- and palatalizing the preceding consonant</small>) and by the augment in the past form. Such irregularities are clearly shown in the dictionary. Among these verbs the conjugation of some verbs, with non-specifical irregularities, is shown:
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''ňamjycika''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''döqeh́ika''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''šỹkika''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''dävörika''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''očezika''</small></center>
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| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>qaňamjy'''ʎ'''ytə</center> || <center>qa'''ð'''öqe'''ž'''ytə</center>|| <center>qa'''ž'''ỹkjytə</center> || <center>qa'''ð'''ävörjytə</center> || <center>q'''e'''če'''s'''jytə</center>
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| The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, to build relative clauses, although quite rarely.
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| As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, but it is used in its undeclined form within the verbal conjugation with the auxiliary verb ševöka.
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| ======Passive participle====== | | ======Passive participle====== |
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Revision as of 05:50, 2 September 2025
Passive participle
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indicative |
subjunctive |
conditional
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| imp. pres. |
śośiruki |
śośiriɳuki |
śośiroçuki
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| imp. past |
qaśośiruki |
qaśośiriɳuki |
qaśośiroçuki
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| imp. pres. |
śiśoruki |
śiśoriɳuki |
śiśoroçuki
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| imp. past |
qaśiśoruki |
qaśiśoriɳuki |
qaśiśoroçuki
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The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
It is often used as an adjective and to build relative clauses:
xäl qownaʂu qaloljyçukili hjyroli
the man seen by the woman
It is also largely used in the verbal conjugation, in the construction of the passive diathesis forms.
As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
