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{{main|Xowʂiko}}
==Numerals==
This page gives an extensive description of '''Xowʂiko morphological''' features.
The numeral system relies on a decimal base.
==Nouns==
Nouns in Xowʂiko language end almost exclusively in a vowel. A certain number of nouns, mostly loanwords, may unusually end in a consonant; in this case a euphonic vowel, -ä-, is added at the end of noun before the normal declension endings.


Nouns are grouped into two declension classes: animate nouns or first class and inanimate nouns or second class. The first class generally includes nouns indicating animate beings, namely capable of intentional motion or action, while the second class includes inanimate objects or entities. As a rule, we can sketch out the following scheme:
===Cardinal numerals===
*'''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> class''': human beings, animals, deities
The first ten cardinal numbers are noun-like forms on their own:
*'''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class''': plants, objects, ideas, feelings, senses, perceptions
A noun is not irreversibly included in one of the two classes, as nouns lack clear morphological marks for each class.


For example, the word säɳo, ''sun'', shifts from a class to the other during the history of the language, as the noun qacow, ''wind'', depending on the overall cultural perception of the noun’s animateness degree.
{|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''1'':</center> || šā́ʔo
|-
| <center>''2'':</center>  || ʔaki
|-
| <center>''3'':</center>  || mikṓ
|-
| <center>''4'':</center>  || gṓwe
|-
| <center>''5'':</center>  || pā́ge
|-
| <center>''6'':</center>  || thū́wa
|-
| <center>''7'':</center>  || hašɑ
|-
| <center>''8'':</center>  || kuʔe
|-
| <center>''9'':</center>  || tsṓju
|-
| <center>''10'':</center>  || phḗʔo
|}


Despite the general lack of morphological markers in the basic forms, being thus unable to distinguish the two classes, the declension patterns depend on which class a noun belongs to.
Numerals from 11 to 19 are built with the construction NUM + phḗʔo + na:
{|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''11'':</center> || šā́ʔophḗʔona
|-
| <center>''12'':</center> || ʔakiphḗʔona
|-
| <center>''13'':</center> || mikṓphḗʔona
|-
| <center>''14'':</center> || gṓwephḗʔona
|-
| <center>''15'':</center> || pā́gephḗʔona
|-
| <center>''16'':</center> || thū́waphḗʔona
|-
| <center>''17'':</center> || hašɑphḗʔona
|-
| <center>''18'':</center> || kuʔephḗʔona
|-
| <center>''19'':</center> || tsṓjuphḗʔona
|}


There are two morphological numbers for almost all nouns, '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
The numerals for ''(one) hundred'' and ''(one) thousand'' are noun-like forms on their own:
 
{|-
===Cases===
Kī́rtako nouns do decline, according to an ''active-stative'' system with '''9 cases''':
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 110px;"| <center>''Case''</center> || <center>''Meaning''</center>
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| '''Nominative'''  || <small>This case marks the subject of a verb</small>
| <center>''100'':</center> || ñā́tu
|-
|-
| '''Accusative'''  || <small>This case marks the direct object of a verb. It is also used with some postpositions. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and as its citation form. It is also used as the vocative form.</small>
| <center>''1000'':</center> || wiʔā́
|}
 
The numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands are built with the construction NUM + re + phḗʔo/ñā́tu/wiʔā́:
{|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small></small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''tens''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''hundreds''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''thousands''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| '''Ablative'''  || <small>This case marks primarily a natural and unintentional belonging (for example, ''body parts''), without any sign of will of possession, or an inverse belonging. It also marks the point of origin of a movement (''motion from a place''). It is also used to mark the direct object of an infinitival form of a verb, marking thus the direct object of the negated form of a transitive verb.</small>
| <center><small>''2x'':</small></center> || ʔakirephḗʔo || ʔakireñā́tu || ʔakirewiʔā́
|-
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || <small>This case marks an intentional possession, from subjects with a clear and active will. It can be used only with nouns belonging to the 1<sup>st</sup>  class.</small>
| <center><small>''3x'':</small></center> || mikṓrephḗʔo || mikṓreñā́tu || mikṓrewiʔā́
|-
|-
| '''Dative'''  || <small>This case marks primarily the indirect object. It can also mark the final point of a movement (''motion toward a place''), and, in a broad sense, the final purpose of an action or a state.</small>
| <center><small>''4x'':</small></center> || gṓwerephḗʔo || gṓwereñā́tu || gṓwerewiʔā́
|-
|-
| '''Causative'''  || <small>This case marks the reason or the cause, which are the source of an action or a state.</small>
| <center><small>''5x'':</small></center> || pā́gerephḗʔo || pā́gereñā́tu || pā́gerewiʔā́
|-
|-
| '''Instrumental'''  || <small>This case marks the tool or the instrument which are used to perform an action or to be in a certain state. It can be used only with nouns belonging to the 2<sup>nd</sup> class.</small>
| <center><small>''6x'':</small></center> || thū́warephḗʔo || thū́wareñā́tu || thū́warewiʔā́
|-
|-
| '''Abessive'''  || <small>This case marks the tool or the instrument which are absent while performing an action or being in a certain state. It can be used only with nouns belonging to the 2<sup>nd</sup> class.</small>
| <center><small>''7x'':</small></center> || hašɑrephḗʔo || hašɑreñā́tu || hašɑrewiʔā́
|-
|-
| '''Locative'''  || <small>This case marks the place where an action is performed, or a certain state exist (''stative location''). It can also have a temporal value. It can be used only with nouns belonging to the 2<sup>nd</sup> class.</small>
| <center><small>''8x'':</small></center> || kuʔerephḗʔo || kuʔereñā́tu || kuʔerewiʔā́
|-
|-
| <center><small>''9x'':</small></center> || tsṓjurephḗʔo || tsṓjureñā́tu || tsṓjurewiʔā́
|}
|}


The cases are usually classified in 4 groups:
Numbers above the multiples of thousands have no name and are specified by the lesser numerals.
#''Main cases'': nominative, accusative
#''Primary oblique cases'': ablative, dative, causative
#''Secondary oblique cases'': genitive
#''Tertiary oblique cases'': instrumental, abessive, locative
Other types of clause complements are conveyed using various ''prepositions'', which can select one or more cases.


===Noun declension===
Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:
Nouns are declined in case and number by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:
*''1985'': wiʔā́ tsṓjureñā́tu kuʔerephḗʔo pā́ge
 
All cardinal numerals are meant as invariable forms.
 
===Ordinal numerals===
Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the adjectival ending -ko to the cardinal numeral form:
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> class''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class''</center>
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''adjective form''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| <center>''1<sup>st</sup>'':</center> || šā́ʔoko
|-
|-
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || -li || -noli || -li || -noli
| <center>''2<sup>nd</sup>'':</center> || ʔakiko
|-
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || - || -no || - || -no
| <center>''3<sup>rd</sup>'':</center> || mikṓko
|-
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || -ʂu || -noʂu || -ʂu || -noʂu
| <center>''4<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || gṓweko
|-
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || -ra || -nora || ||
| <center>''5<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || pā́geko
|-
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || -ŕä || -noŕä || -ŕä || -noŕä
| <center>''6<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || thū́wako
|-
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || -ɣu || -noɣu || -ɣu || -noɣu
| <center>''7<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || hašɑko
|-
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || || || -ɣä || -noɣä
| <center>''8<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || kuʔeko
|-
|-
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || || || -wil<sup><small>1</small></sup> || -nowil
| <center>''9<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || tsṓjuko
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || || || -ʈar || -noʈar
| <center>''10<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || phḗʔoko
|}
|}


<small><sup>1</sup>This ending changes into -il, when added to a noun ending in -w.</small>
If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
*''25<sup>th</sup>'': ʔakirephḗʔo pā́geko


Some examples are shown below: a 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> class noun, papu, ''father'', and a 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class noun, sowo, ''house''.
===Fractional numerals===
Fractional numerals are formed by adding the derivative ending -gū́ to the cardinal numeral form, with the exceptions of the numeral ''one'', and an irregular suppletive form:
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>papu</center> || colspan="2" | <center>sowo</center>
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''1'':</center> || -
|-
| <center>''2'':</center>  || kū́pho
|-
| <center>''3'':</center>  || mikṓgū́
|-
| <center>''4'':</center>  || gṓwegū́
|-
| <center>''5'':</center> || pā́gegū́
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| <center>''6'':</center>  || thū́wagū́
|-
|-
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || papuli || papunoli || sowoli || sowonoli
| <center>''7'':</center> || hašɑgū́
|-
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || papu || papuno || sowo || sowono
| <center>''8'':</center> || kuʔegū́
|-
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || papuʂu || papunošu || sowo || sowo
| <center>''9'':</center> || tsṓjugū́
|-
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || papura || papunora || ||
| <center>''10'':</center> || phḗʔogū́
|-
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || papuŕä || papunoŕä || sowoŕä || sowonoŕä
| <center>''11'':</center> || šā́ʔophḗʔonagū́
|-
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || papuɣu || papunoɣu || sowoɣu || sowonoɣu
| <center>''12'':</center> || ʔakiphḗʔonagū́
|-
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || || || sowoɣä || sowonoɣä
| <center>''20'':</center> || ʔakirephḗʔogū́
|-
|-
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || || || sowowil || sowonowil
| <center>''60'':</center> || thū́warephḗʔogū́
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || || || sowoʈar || sowonoʈar
| <center>''300'':</center> || mikṓreñā́tugū́
|-
| <center>''9000'':</center>  || tsṓjurewiʔā́gū́
|}
|}
As for the rules, the endings for the tertiary oblique cases cannot be added to a 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> class noun, while the endings for the secondary oblique cases cannot be added to a 2<sup><small>st</small></sup> class noun.
==Adjectives and pronouns==
Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, mostly ending in a vowel and showing the same exceptions of nouns. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form.
===Adjectives===
Attributive adjectives are always placed '''before''' the nouns they specify, while predicative adjectives are always placed ''after'' them.
xowpajli hjyroli
<small>(the) young man</small>
hjyroli xowpajli qäɳ
<small>(the) man is young</small>


All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings. They thus display a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes.
If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
*''25'': ʔakirephḗʔo pā́gegū́


xowpajra hjyrora rjeqoli sowoli piwkoʈar häciʈar mjeqis
===Distributive numerals===
<small>the young man’s new house is located in the nearby village</small>
Distributive numerals are formed by adding the derivative ending -jḗ to the cardinal numeral form:
====Declension of qualifying adjectives====
Example: rjeqo, ''new''
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>rḗʔo</center>
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''1'':</center> || šā́ʔojḗ
|-
| <center>''2'':</center>  || ʔakijḗ
|-
| <center>''3'':</center> || mikṓjḗ
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| <center>''4'':</center> || gṓwejḗ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center>  || rjeqoli || rjeqonoli
| <center>''5'':</center>  || pā́gejḗ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center>  || rjeqo || rjeqono
| <center>''6'':</center>  || thū́wajḗ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center>  || rjeqoʂu || rjeqonoʂu
| <center>''7'':</center>  || hašɑjḗ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center>  || rjeqora || rjeqonora
| <center>''8'':</center>  || kuʔejḗ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center>  || rjeqoŕä || rjeqonoŕä
| <center>''9'':</center>  || tsṓjujḗ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center>  || rjeqoɣu || rjeqonoɣu
| <center>''10'':</center>  || phḗʔojḗ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center>  || rjeqoɣä || rjeqonoɣä
| <center>''11'':</center>  || šā́ʔophḗʔonajḗ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center>  || rjeqowil || rjeqonowil
| <center>''12'':</center>  || ʔakiphḗʔonajḗ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center>  || rjeqoʈar || rjeqonoʈar
| <center>''20'':</center>  || ʔakirephḗʔojḗ
|-
| <center>''60'':</center> || thū́warephḗʔojḗ
|-
| <center>''300'':</center>  || mikṓreñā́tujḗ
|-
| <center>''9000'':</center>  || tsṓjurewiʔā́jḗ
|}
|}


===Personal pronouns===
If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
The personal pronouns are:
*''25'': ʔakirephḗʔo pā́gejḗ


===Multiplier numerals===
Multiplier numerals are formed by adding the derivative ending -renɑ to the cardinal numeral form:
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>  
|-
| <center>''1'':</center> || šā́ʔorenɑ
|-
| <center>''2'':</center> || ʔakirenɑ
|-
| <center>''3'':</center> || mikṓrenɑ
|-
| <center>''4'':</center> || gṓwerenɑ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || xoli || näli || niwli || xonoli || nänoli || niwnoli
| <center>''5'':</center> || pā́gerenɑ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || xo || nä || niw || xono || näno || niwno
| <center>''6'':</center> || thū́warenɑ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || xoʂu || näʂu || niwʂu || xonoʂu || nänoʂu || niwnoʂu
| <center>''7'':</center> || hašɑrenɑ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || xora || nära || niwra || xonora || nänora || niwnora
| <center>''8'':</center> || kuʔerenɑ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || xoŕä || näŕä || niwŕä || xonoŕä || nänoŕä || niwnoŕä
| <center>''9'':</center> || tsṓjurenɑ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || xoɣu || näɣu || niwɣu || xonoɣu || nänoɣu || niwnoɣu
| <center>''10'':</center> || phḗʔorenɑ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || || || niwɣä || || || niwnoɣä
| <center>''11'':</center> || šā́ʔophḗʔonarenɑ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center>|| || || niwil || || || niwnowil
| <center>''12'':</center> || ʔakiphḗʔonarenɑ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || || || niwʈar || || || niwnoʈar
| <center>''20'':</center> || ʔakirephḗʔorenɑ
|-
| <center>''60'':</center> || thū́warephḗʔorenɑ
|-
| <center>''300'':</center>  || mikṓreñā́turenɑ
|-
| <center>''9000'':</center>  || tsṓjurewiʔā́renɑ
|}
|}


First and second person forms are meant as referents for 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> class entities; the endings for the tertiary oblique cases are thus not used with them. Conversely, the third person forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms are used whether the referred name belongs to the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> or the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class.
If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
 
*''25'': ʔakirephḗʔo pā́gerenɑ
The forms for the genitive case and for and the ablative case cannot convey possession or belonging, conveying only other roles of such cases. Either possession or belonging are conveyed through possessive adjectives and pronouns.

Revision as of 01:25, 26 August 2025

Numerals

The numeral system relies on a decimal base.

Cardinal numerals

The first ten cardinal numbers are noun-like forms on their own:

digit
noun form
1:
 šā́ʔo
2:
 ʔaki
3:
 mikṓ
4:
 gṓwe
5:
 pā́ge
6:
 thū́wa
7:
 hašɑ
8:
 kuʔe
9:
 tsṓju
10:
 phḗʔo

Numerals from 11 to 19 are built with the construction NUM + phḗʔo + na:

digit
noun form
11:
 šā́ʔophḗʔona
12:
 ʔakiphḗʔona
13:
 mikṓphḗʔona
14:
 gṓwephḗʔona
15:
 pā́gephḗʔona
16:
 thū́waphḗʔona
17:
 hašɑphḗʔona
18:
 kuʔephḗʔona
19:
 tsṓjuphḗʔona

The numerals for (one) hundred and (one) thousand are noun-like forms on their own:

digit
noun form
100:
 ñā́tu
1000:
 wiʔā́

The numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands are built with the construction NUM + re + phḗʔo/ñā́tu/wiʔā́:

tens
hundreds
thousands
2x:
 ʔakirephḗʔo ʔakireñā́tu ʔakirewiʔā́
3x:
 mikṓrephḗʔo mikṓreñā́tu mikṓrewiʔā́
4x:
 gṓwerephḗʔo gṓwereñā́tu gṓwerewiʔā́
5x:
 pā́gerephḗʔo pā́gereñā́tu pā́gerewiʔā́
6x:
 thū́warephḗʔo thū́wareñā́tu thū́warewiʔā́
7x:
 hašɑrephḗʔo hašɑreñā́tu hašɑrewiʔā́
8x:
 kuʔerephḗʔo kuʔereñā́tu kuʔerewiʔā́
9x:
 tsṓjurephḗʔo tsṓjureñā́tu tsṓjurewiʔā́

Numbers above the multiples of thousands have no name and are specified by the lesser numerals.

Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:

  • 1985: wiʔā́ tsṓjureñā́tu kuʔerephḗʔo pā́ge

All cardinal numerals are meant as invariable forms.

Ordinal numerals

Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the adjectival ending -ko to the cardinal numeral form:

digit
adjective form
1st:
 šā́ʔoko
2nd:
 ʔakiko
3rd:
 mikṓko
4th:
 gṓweko
5th:
 pā́geko
6th:
 thū́wako
7th:
 hašɑko
8th:
 kuʔeko
9th:
 tsṓjuko
10th:
 phḗʔoko

If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:

  • 25th: ʔakirephḗʔo pā́geko

Fractional numerals

Fractional numerals are formed by adding the derivative ending -gū́ to the cardinal numeral form, with the exceptions of the numeral one, and an irregular suppletive form:

digit
full form
1:
 -
2:
 kū́pho
3:
 mikṓgū́
4:
 gṓwegū́
5:
 pā́gegū́
6:
 thū́wagū́
7:
 hašɑgū́
8:
 kuʔegū́
9:
 tsṓjugū́
10:
 phḗʔogū́
11:
 šā́ʔophḗʔonagū́
12:
 ʔakiphḗʔonagū́
20:
 ʔakirephḗʔogū́
60:
 thū́warephḗʔogū́
300:
 mikṓreñā́tugū́
9000:
 tsṓjurewiʔā́gū́

If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:

  • 25: ʔakirephḗʔo pā́gegū́

Distributive numerals

Distributive numerals are formed by adding the derivative ending -jḗ to the cardinal numeral form:

digit
full form
1:
 šā́ʔojḗ
2:
 ʔakijḗ
3:
 mikṓjḗ
4:
 gṓwejḗ
5:
 pā́gejḗ
6:
 thū́wajḗ
7:
 hašɑjḗ
8:
 kuʔejḗ
9:
 tsṓjujḗ
10:
 phḗʔojḗ
11:
 šā́ʔophḗʔonajḗ
12:
 ʔakiphḗʔonajḗ
20:
 ʔakirephḗʔojḗ
60:
 thū́warephḗʔojḗ
300:
 mikṓreñā́tujḗ
9000:
 tsṓjurewiʔā́jḗ

If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:

  • 25: ʔakirephḗʔo pā́gejḗ

Multiplier numerals

Multiplier numerals are formed by adding the derivative ending -renɑ to the cardinal numeral form:

digit
full form
1:
 šā́ʔorenɑ
2:
 ʔakirenɑ
3:
 mikṓrenɑ
4:
 gṓwerenɑ
5:
 pā́gerenɑ
6:
 thū́warenɑ
7:
 hašɑrenɑ
8:
 kuʔerenɑ
9:
 tsṓjurenɑ
10:
 phḗʔorenɑ
11:
 šā́ʔophḗʔonarenɑ
12:
 ʔakiphḗʔonarenɑ
20:
 ʔakirephḗʔorenɑ
60:
 thū́warephḗʔorenɑ
300:
 mikṓreñā́turenɑ
9000:
 tsṓjurewiʔā́renɑ

If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:

  • 25: ʔakirephḗʔo pā́gerenɑ
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