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| ==Pronouns== | | {{main|Xowʂiko}} |
| Pronouns in Βaβar language can end either in a vowel or in a consonant in their basic form, and they usually display a monosyllabic base form.
| | This page gives an extensive description of '''Xowʂiko morphological''' features. |
| | ==Nouns== |
| | Nouns in Xowʂiko language end almost exclusively in a vowel. A certain number of nouns, mostly loanwords, may unusually end in a consonant; in this case a euphonic vowel, -ä-, is added at the end of noun before the normal declension endings. |
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| The pronominal declension noticeably diverges from the nominal one, both in case endings and in the number of distinguished cases. Moreover, pronouns alone make a distinction between animate and inanimate referents. However, like nouns, they morphologically convey two grammatical numbers, '''singular''' and '''plural''', but displaying entirely different roots in both numbers.
| | Nouns are grouped into two declension classes: animate nouns or first class and inanimate nouns or second class. The first class generally includes nouns indicating animate beings, namely capable of intentional motion or action, while the second class includes inanimate objects or entities. As a rule, we can sketch out the following scheme: |
| | *'''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> class''': human beings, animals, deities |
| | *'''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class''': plants, objects, ideas, feelings, senses, perceptions |
| | A noun is not irreversibly included in one of the two classes, as nouns lack clear morphological marks for each class. |
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| ===Declension of pronouns===
| | For example, the word sɑño, ''sun'', shifts from a class to the other during the history of the language, as the noun qacow, ''wind'', depending on the overall cultural perception of the noun’s animateness degree. |
| Pronouns are declined by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:
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| {|-
| | Despite the general lack of morphological markers in the basic forms, being thus unable to distinguish the two classes, the declension patterns depend on which class a noun belongs to. |
| | || <center><small>consonantal<br>class</small></center> || <center><small>vocalic<br>class</small></center>
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| | style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"| - || -
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| | <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || -m / əm<small><sup>1</sup></small><br><small>or</small> - || -m<br><small>or</small> -
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| | <center><small>''gen.-dat.''</small></center> || -iç || -ç
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| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || -at || -t
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| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || -at || -t
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| |}
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| <small><sup>1</sup> This ending display two possible forms. The latter is used after a nasal consonant, the former is used in every other case.</small>
| | There are two morphological numbers for almost all nouns, '''singular''' and '''plural'''. |
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| The pronominal declension noticeably diverges from the nominal one. The endings are completely different and display a different allocation. The endings of the instrumental and the locative case are always the same. The accusative case, moreover, displays a syllabic nasal ending ending only when referring to semantically animate entities. If the pronouns refer to inanimate entities, the accusative ending is the same as the nominative case, namely a zero ending.
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| ===Personal pronouns===
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| Personal pronouns feature a distinction between the roots in the singular number and the roots in the plural number. These pronouns are also regarded as referents to animated entities only, in all persons.
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| {|-
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| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
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| | <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || si || ma || ɣu || žī || kā || çi
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| | <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || sim || mam || ɣum || žīm || kām || çim
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| | <center><small>''gen.-dat.''</small></center> || siç || maç || ɣuç || žīç || kāç || çiç
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| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || rowspan="2"| sit || rowspan="2"| mat || rowspan="2"| ɣut || rowspan="2"| žīt || rowspan="2"| kāt || rowspan="2"| çit
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| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center>
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| |}
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| Since they intrinsically refer to animated entities, third person pronouns cannot be used as referents to inanimated entities. There are no personal pronouns used this way, being used the demonstrative pronouns for this purpose.
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| In the accusative case, the personal pronouns forms are regarded as marked forms, and they are used only to highlight the accusative pronoun. In an unmarked role special enclitic accusative suffixes are used.
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| {|-
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| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
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| | <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || <center>-n / -ən</center> || <center>-x / -əx</center> || <center>-d / -əd</center> || <center>-na / -ān</center> || <center>-ɣa / -āx</center> || <center>-ɖ / -əɖ</center>
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| |}
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| These forms are added as enclitic suffixes to a word in the sentence, chiefly to the subject pronouns, when present. If the subject pronouns are absent, these suffixes are added to the verb (<small>thus moving the direct object after the verb and causing the word order to shift to VSO</small>).
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| Examples:
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| si mam riʈʂʼiš
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| <small>As for me, I love you (and no one else)</small>
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| six riʈʂʼiš
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| <small>As for me, I love you</small>
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| riʈʂʼišəx
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| <small>I love you</small>
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| With compound verbal forms, these suffixes are added to the auxiliary verb or to the modal verb. However, they may be also be added to the participles.
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| Examples:
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| ɸaqurā sūšəx
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| <small>I see you</small>
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| ɸāqurā ðuzəx
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| <small>I want to you</small>
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- Main article: Xowʂiko
This page gives an extensive description of Xowʂiko morphological features.
Nouns
Nouns in Xowʂiko language end almost exclusively in a vowel. A certain number of nouns, mostly loanwords, may unusually end in a consonant; in this case a euphonic vowel, -ä-, is added at the end of noun before the normal declension endings.
Nouns are grouped into two declension classes: animate nouns or first class and inanimate nouns or second class. The first class generally includes nouns indicating animate beings, namely capable of intentional motion or action, while the second class includes inanimate objects or entities. As a rule, we can sketch out the following scheme:
- 1st class: human beings, animals, deities
- 2nd class: plants, objects, ideas, feelings, senses, perceptions
A noun is not irreversibly included in one of the two classes, as nouns lack clear morphological marks for each class.
For example, the word sɑño, sun, shifts from a class to the other during the history of the language, as the noun qacow, wind, depending on the overall cultural perception of the noun’s animateness degree.
Despite the general lack of morphological markers in the basic forms, being thus unable to distinguish the two classes, the declension patterns depend on which class a noun belongs to.
There are two morphological numbers for almost all nouns, singular and plural.
