User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
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Since they intrinsically refer to animated entities, third person pronouns cannot be used as referents to inanimated entities. There are no personal pronouns used this way, being used the demonstrative pronouns for this purpose. | |||
In the accusative case, the personal pronouns forms are regarded as marked forms, and they are used only to highlight the accusative pronoun. In an unmarked role special enclitic accusative suffixes are used. | |||
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Revision as of 05:43, 12 July 2025
Pronouns
Pronouns in Βaβar language can end either in a vowel or in a consonant in their basic form, and they usually display a monosyllabic base form.
The pronominal declension noticeably diverges from the nominal one, both in case endings and in the number of distinguished cases. Moreover, pronouns alone make a distinction between animate and inanimate referents. However, like nouns, they morphologically convey two grammatical numbers, singular and plural, but displaying entirely different roots in both numbers.
Declension of pronouns
Pronouns are declined by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:
class |
class | |
| - | - | |
| -m / əm1 or - |
-m or - | |
| -iç | -ç | |
| -at | -t | |
| -at | -t |
1 This ending display two possible forms. The latter is used after a nasal consonant, the former is used in every other case.
The pronominal declension noticeably diverges from the nominal one. The endings are completely different and display a different allocation. The endings of the instrumental and the locative case are always the same. The accusative case, moreover, displays a syllabic nasal ending ending only when referring to semantically animate entities. If the pronouns refer to inanimate entities, the accusative ending is the same as the nominative case, namely a zero ending.
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns feature a distinction between the roots in the singular number and the roots in the plural number. These pronouns are also regarded as referents to animated entities only, in all persons.
| si | ma | ɣu | žī | kā | çi | |
| sim | mam | ɣum | žīm | kām | çim | |
| siç | maç | ɣuç | žīç | kāç | çiç | |
| sit | mat | ɣut | žīt | kāt | çit | |
Since they intrinsically refer to animated entities, third person pronouns cannot be used as referents to inanimated entities. There are no personal pronouns used this way, being used the demonstrative pronouns for this purpose.
In the accusative case, the personal pronouns forms are regarded as marked forms, and they are used only to highlight the accusative pronoun. In an unmarked role special enclitic accusative suffixes are used.
These forms are added as enclitic suffixes to a word in the sentence, chiefly to the subject pronouns, when present. If the subject pronouns are absent, these suffixes are added to the verb (thus moving the direct object after the verb and causing the word order to shift to VSO).
Examples:
si mam riʈʂʼiš As for me, I love you (and no one else)
six riʈʂʼiš As for me, I love you
riʈʂʼišəx I love you
With compound verbal forms, these suffixes are added to the auxiliary verb or to the modal verb. However, they may be also be added to the participles.
Examples:
ɸaqurā sūšəx I see you
ɸāqurā ðuzəx I want to you
