User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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Unlike any other elements of the sentence, the personal pronouns compulsorily distinguish the number singular from the plural.
Unlike any other elements of the sentence, the personal pronouns compulsorily distinguish the number singular from the plural.


Le forme di terza persona effettuano una distinzione triplice di referenti. Presenta infatti forme diverse per riferirsi ad entità umane, animate o inanimate.
In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> person, a triple distinction is made. There are, actually, three forms, referring respectively to either human beings, animated beings or inanimate entities.


For the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> plural person, two forms are distinguished. The first form is called the '''first inclusive plural person''', which ''includes both the speaker and the listener'', while the second form is called the '''first exclusive plural person''', which ''includes the speaker but excludes the listener'':
For the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> plural person, two forms are distinguished. The first form is called the '''first inclusive plural person''', which ''includes both the speaker and the listener'', while the second form is called the '''first exclusive plural person''', which ''includes the speaker but excludes the listener'':
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  bū́gnez ŋu rosan isɔn ukmi lḗ ešeš
  bū́gnez ŋu rosan isɔn ukmi lḗ ešeš
<small>my father saw yours</small>
{|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person''</small></center> || '''ɔn''' || '''ɔnɔn'''
|-
| <center><small>''2<sup><small>st</small></sup> person''</small></center> || '''eʂ''' || '''eʂeʂ'''
|-
| <center><small>''3<sup><small>st</small></sup> person''</small></center> || '''uʈ''' || '''uʈuʈ'''
|}
For the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> plural person an alternative form is built, by merging the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> singular person form with the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> singular person form.
This form conveys the first inclusive plural person, which ''includes both the speaker and the listener'', while the normally reduplicated form conveys the first exclusive plural person, which ''includes the speaker but excludes the listener'':
{|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''inclusive plural''</small></center> || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''exclusive plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person''</small></center> || '''ɔn''' || '''ɔneʂ''' || '''ɔnɔn'''
|}
The 3<sup><small>st</small></sup> person pronoun usually refers to semantically animate or human entities, although it may technically refer to every entity. For inanimate or unreal entities, demonostrative adjectives or pronouns are rather used.
All forms, if adjoined by the preposition '''koː''', play the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective, being placed after a noun, or the role of indeclinable possessive pronoun, being placed after a demonstrative pronominal form.
'''buːgnez ŋuh ʐanhan koː eʂeʂ roshan koː ɔn'''
<small>my father saw your mother</small>
'''buːgnez ŋuh uʈ koː eʂeʂ roshan koː ɔn'''
  <small>my father saw yours</small>
  <small>my father saw yours</small>

Revision as of 04:56, 8 July 2025

Personal pronouns

The personal pronouns are:

1st person
2nd person
3rd person
singular
human
animate
inanimate
ɔn
eš
ucmi
uc
ucɑ
plural
inclusive
exclusive
human
animate
inanimate
ɔneš
ɔnɔn
ešeš
ucumi
ucuc
ucucɑ

Unlike any other elements of the sentence, the personal pronouns compulsorily distinguish the number singular from the plural.

In the 3rd person, a triple distinction is made. There are, actually, three forms, referring respectively to either human beings, animated beings or inanimate entities.

For the 1st plural person, two forms are distinguished. The first form is called the first inclusive plural person, which includes both the speaker and the listener, while the second form is called the first exclusive plural person, which includes the speaker but excludes the listener:

All forms, if adjoined by the prepositions kṓ or lḗ, play the role of an indeclinable possessive pronoun, being placed after a demonstrative pronominal form. 

bū́gnez ŋu rosan isɔn ukmi lḗ ešeš
my father saw yours
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