User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Personal pronouns===
===Personal pronouns===
Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the forms in the nominative case and the forms in the accusative and oblique cases. Both forms have two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension.
Personal pronouns feature a distinction between two forms for the direct case. The first form (<small>named ''direct<sub><small>1</small></sub>''</small>) is used as the subject of the clauses, for every kind of verbs. The second form (<small>named ''direct<sub><small>2</small></sub>''</small>) is used as the direct object of the clause, for transitive verbs, and with every preposition requiring the direct case. They do not have any forms for the basic case, the direct forms as subjects are used as vocative forms.
 
Moreover, the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person has two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension. On the other hand, the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> persons have only one root, displaying, however, a similar irregular declension.
 
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
|-
|-
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || ort || ert || oht || ortũ || ertũ || ohtũ
| <center><small>''direct<sub><small>1</small></sub>''</small></center>  || ɔddo || əjddo || ježlo || ɔdduno || əjdduno || ježluno
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center>  || it || nwet || fet || õt || nwẽt || fẽt
|-
|-
| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || iš || nweš || feš || õš || nwẽš || fẽš
| <center><small>''direct<sub><small>2</small></sub>''</small></center> || ho || ne || ješ || huno || neno || ježno
|-
|-
| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || hore || nere || ježre || hunure || nenure || ježnure
|}
|}


There are, however, several possible alternative forms:
The forms for the oblique case can be used alone, without any prepositions, conveying the meaning of the indirect object. When used alone, the forms for the direct and indirect object tend to be placed before the conjugated verb in the sentence. Their positioning after the verb is regarded as a marked position.
 
Examples:


{|-
owtu he æs owf loʎiɸjiθu
|-
<small>I didn't see him</small>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
 
|-
  owtu he owf loʎiɸjiθu æs
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || || nwe || || || nwẽš ||
<small>As for him, I didn't see him</small>
|-
| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || je/oš || ňe || || õšũ || nwešũ ||
|-
|}


The alternative forms are regarded as obsolete and they are used in modern texts only in religious texts, in intentionally archaizing texts and in some set expressions. In the oblique case the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> singular person display two obsolete forms: je, used as indirect object, and oš, used for other roles of the oblique case.
Anyway, these pronouns are placed after the negative adverb he.

Revision as of 04:51, 7 July 2025

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns feature a distinction between two forms for the direct case. The first form (named direct1) is used as the subject of the clauses, for every kind of verbs. The second form (named direct2) is used as the direct object of the clause, for transitive verbs, and with every preposition requiring the direct case. They do not have any forms for the basic case, the direct forms as subjects are used as vocative forms.

Moreover, the 1st person has two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension. On the other hand, the 2nd and the 3rd persons have only one root, displaying, however, a similar irregular declension.

1st sing.
2nd sing.
3rd sing.
1st plur.
2nd plur.
3rd plur.
direct1
 ɔddo əjddo ježlo ɔdduno əjdduno ježluno
direct2
 ho ne ješ huno neno ježno
oblique
 hore nere ježre hunure nenure ježnure

The forms for the oblique case can be used alone, without any prepositions, conveying the meaning of the indirect object. When used alone, the forms for the direct and indirect object tend to be placed before the conjugated verb in the sentence. Their positioning after the verb is regarded as a marked position.

Examples: 

owtu he æs owf loʎiɸjiθu
I didn't see him

owtu he owf loʎiɸjiθu æs
As for him, I didn't see him

Anyway, these pronouns are placed after the negative adverb he.

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