User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
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Personal pronouns have two forms in all cases, except for the agentive case and the passive case. These forms are distinguished between ''long forms'' (ūdjušu, irdjušu,...) and ''short forms'' (çušu, njɛšu,...), which have a different use: | Personal pronouns have two forms in all cases, except for the agentive case and the passive case. These forms are distinguished between ''long forms'' (ūdjušu, irdjušu,...) and ''short forms'' (çušu, njɛšu,...), which have a different use: | ||
* ''long forms'': | * ''long forms'': used mostly alone (<small>without any adjoing preposition</small>), as proper case form of the pronoun | ||
* ''short forms'': | * ''short forms'': used mostly with prepositions | ||
In earlier texts, however, these usages are vague and confused. | In earlier texts, however, these usages are vague and confused. | ||
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*In the '''genitive''' case: | *In the '''genitive''' case: | ||
**''Long form'': it is used | **''Long form'': it is used to mark strictly possession, playing the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective or pronoun. | ||
hɛlulīšunū irdjunurɛ sōgu | hɛlulīšunū irdjunurɛ sōgu | ||
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**''Short form'': it is used as the proper genitive form of the pronoun, used either with or without prepositions. | **''Short form'': it is used as the proper genitive form of the pronoun, used either with or without prepositions. | ||
*In the '''ablative''' case: | |||
**''Long form'': it is used as the ablative form of the pronoun, to be used alone, without prepositions. It is also used to mark belonging (according to the role of the ablative case), playing the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective or pronoun. | |||
hɛlulīšunū irdjunušu bɛbju | |||
<small> | <small>we saw your father</small> | ||
**''Short form'': it is mostly used with prepositions. Already in classical texts it is used as a direct object form in negative sentences. | |||
**'' | nɑšu hṓthī́niñɑme ʔaʔī́sow | ||
<small>I wasn't looking for you</small> | |||
**In earlier texts, both ablative forms can be found as a direct object in negative sentences. | |||
** | |||
Revision as of 03:56, 4 July 2025
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the forms in the agentive case and the forms in the passive case. Both forms have two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension; more than one form for each case is created on both roots.
| ūdju | irdju | jɛšlu | ūdjuhiw | irdjuhiw | jɛšluhiw | ūdjunu | irdjunu | jɛšlunu | |
| çu | njɛ | jɛš | çuhiw | njɛhiw | jɛšhiw | çunu | njɛnu | jɛšnu | |
| ūdjušu | irdjušu | jɛšlušu | ūdjuhiwšu | irdjuhiwšu | jɛšluhiwšu | ūdjunušu | irdjunušu | jɛšlunušu | |
| çušu | njɛšu | jɛšu | çuhiwšu | njɛhiwšu | jɛšhiwšu | çunušu | njɛnušu | jɛšnušu | |
| ūdjurɛ | irdjurɛ | jɛšlurɛ | ūdjuhiwrɛ | irdjuhiwrɛ | jɛšluhiwrɛ | ūdjunurɛ | irdjunurɛ | jɛšlunurɛ | |
| çurɛ | njɛrɛ | jɛšrɛ | çuhiwrɛ | njɛhiwrɛ | jɛšhiwrɛ | çunurɛ | njɛnurɛ | jɛšnurɛ | |
| ūdjuxjɛ | irdjuxjɛ | jɛšluxjɛ | ūdjuhiwxjɛ | irdjuhiwxjɛ | jɛšluhiwxjɛ | ūdjunuxjɛ | irdjunuxjɛ | jɛšlunuxjɛ | |
| çuxjɛ | njɛxjɛ | jɛšxjɛ | çuhiwxjɛ | njɛhiwxjɛ | jɛšhiwxjɛ | çunuxjɛ | njɛnuxjɛ | jɛšnuxjɛ | |
| ūdjuku | irdjuku | jɛšluku | ūdjuhiwku | irdjuhiwku | jɛšluhiwku | ūdjunuku | irdjunuku | jɛšlunuku | |
| çuku | njɛku | jɛšku | çuhiwku | njɛhiwku | jɛšhiwku | çunuku | njɛnuku | jɛšnuku |
No personal pronouns display any form for the obsolete instrumental case. First and second person forms are meant as referents for class I entities. Conversely, the third person forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms are used whether the referred name belongs to class I or class II.
Personal pronouns have two forms in all cases, except for the agentive case and the passive case. These forms are distinguished between long forms (ūdjušu, irdjušu,...) and short forms (çušu, njɛšu,...), which have a different use:
- long forms: used mostly alone (without any adjoing preposition), as proper case form of the pronoun
- short forms: used mostly with prepositions
In earlier texts, however, these usages are vague and confused.
Usages of the genitive and ablative forms are more elaborated:
- In the genitive case:
- Long form: it is used to mark strictly possession, playing the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective or pronoun.
hɛlulīšunū irdjunurɛ sōgu we saw your house
- Short form: it is used as the proper genitive form of the pronoun, used either with or without prepositions.
- In the ablative case:
- Long form: it is used as the ablative form of the pronoun, to be used alone, without prepositions. It is also used to mark belonging (according to the role of the ablative case), playing the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective or pronoun.
hɛlulīšunū irdjunušu bɛbju we saw your father
- Short form: it is mostly used with prepositions. Already in classical texts it is used as a direct object form in negative sentences.
nɑšu hṓthī́niñɑme ʔaʔī́sow I wasn't looking for you
- In earlier texts, both ablative forms can be found as a direct object in negative sentences.
