User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Negation===
===Personal pronouns===
The verbal negation is conveyed, as already shown, by specific negative temporal suffix of the verb.
Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the forms in the agentive case and the forms in the passive case. Both forms have two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension; more than one form for each case is created on both roots.
{|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> dual.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> dual.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> dual.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''agentive''</small></center>  || oltu || ertu || ɛštu || oltuj || ertuj || ɛštuj || oltunu || ertunu || ɛštunu
|-
| <center><small>''passive''</small></center>  || ju || nɛ || šɛ || joj || nɛj || šɛj || junu || nɛnu || šɛnu
|-
| rowspan="2" | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || oltuɕu || ertuɕu || ɛštuɕu || oltuɕuj || ertuɕuj || ɛštuɕuj || oltuɕunu || ertuɕunu || ɛštuɕunu
|-
| joɕu || nɛɕu || šɛɕu || juɕuj || nɛɕuj || šɛɕuj || juɕunu || nɛɕunu || šɛɕunu
|-
| rowspan="2" | <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || oltuhe || ertuhe || ɛštuhe || oltuhej || ertuhej || ɛštuhej || oltuhenu || ertuhenu || ɛštuhenu
|-
| johe || nɛhe || šɛhe || juhej || nɛhej || šɛhej || juhenu || nɛhenu || šɛhenu
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || oltuxu || ertuxu || ɛštuxu || oltuxuj || ertuxuj || ɛštuxuj || oltuxunu || ertuxunu || ɛštuxunu
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || || || ɛštuxe || || || ɛštuxej || || || ɛštuxenu
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || || || ɛštucar || || || ɛštucari || || || ɛštucarnu
|}


wooha tternine reenigæp''iid'' → wooha tternine reenigæp'''eer'''
First and second person forms are meant as referents for class I entities; the endings for the secondary oblique cases are thus not used with them. Conversely, the third person forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms are used whether the referred name belongs to class I or class II.
<small>the dog bit the man → The dog didn't bite the man</small>


In the present tense, whose positive form displays no ending, the negative form always displays a specific ending.
Personal pronouns have two forms in the genitive and in the dative case. These forms are distinguished between ''long forms'' (oltuɕu, ertuɕu,...) and ''short forms'' (juɕu, nɛɕu,...), which have a different use:


roo kumirom → roo kumirom'''al'''
*In the '''genitive''' case:
<small>I'm eating → I'm not eating</small>
**''Long form'': it is used as an indeclinable possessive adjective


The negative ending of the present tense is used also for the negative form of the imperative, which usually displays no ending.
ertuɕunu sōnu alolīčohon
<small>we saw your house</small>


śiibæd! → śiibæd'''æl'''!
**''Short form'': it is used as the proper genitive form of the pronoun, conveying origin (esempio: from me) and with postpositions. It is also used as a direct object form for verbal infinitives and in negative sentences in the classical period.
<small>sleep! → don't sleep!</small>


''Double negatives'' are generally '''''not''' allowed''; the presence of another negative element in the sentence inhibits the negative adverb.
nɛɕu hōθīnem ēsow
<small>I wasn’t looking for you</small>


  roo retine tuurkarom → roo '''oortuno''' retine tuurkarom
  nɛɕu ēh šinohiga imēhohon
  <small>I see a person → I see no person</small>
<small>I will come with you</small>
 
*In the '''dative''' case:
**''Long form'': it is mostly used with postpositions or as a marked form of motion towards a place.
 
ɛštuhenu nū cɛnəhunohon
<small>I am talking about them</small>
 
**''Short form'': it is used to strictly mark the indirect object.
 
šɛhe hēme agohegow
  <small>I gave him bread</small>
 
1<sup><small>st</small></sup> and 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> person pronouns show, already in the classical period, a clear trend towards a nominative-accusative alignment. They tend to be declined in the agentive case with verbs which would require the passive case as unintentional subjects. This trend becomes regularity in the later period.
ju hīɕagow → oltu hīɕagow
<small>I am falling</small>

Revision as of 03:27, 4 July 2025

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the forms in the agentive case and the forms in the passive case. Both forms have two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension; more than one form for each case is created on both roots.

1st sing.
2nd sing.
3rd sing.
1st dual.
2nd dual.
3rd dual.
1st plur.
2nd plur.
3rd plur.
agentive
 oltu ertu ɛštu oltuj ertuj ɛštuj oltunu ertunu ɛštunu
passive
 ju nɛ šɛ joj nɛj šɛj junu nɛnu šɛnu
genitive
 oltuɕu ertuɕu ɛštuɕu oltuɕuj ertuɕuj ɛštuɕuj oltuɕunu ertuɕunu ɛštuɕunu
joɕu nɛɕu šɛɕu juɕuj nɛɕuj šɛɕuj juɕunu nɛɕunu šɛɕunu
dative
 oltuhe ertuhe ɛštuhe oltuhej ertuhej ɛštuhej oltuhenu ertuhenu ɛštuhenu
johe nɛhe šɛhe juhej nɛhej šɛhej juhenu nɛhenu šɛhenu
causative
 oltuxu ertuxu ɛštuxu oltuxuj ertuxuj ɛštuxuj oltuxunu ertuxunu ɛštuxunu
instrumental
 ɛštuxe ɛštuxej ɛštuxenu
locative
 ɛštucar ɛštucari ɛštucarnu

First and second person forms are meant as referents for class I entities; the endings for the secondary oblique cases are thus not used with them. Conversely, the third person forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms are used whether the referred name belongs to class I or class II.

Personal pronouns have two forms in the genitive and in the dative case. These forms are distinguished between long forms (oltuɕu, ertuɕu,...) and short forms (juɕu, nɛɕu,...), which have a different use:

  • In the genitive case:
    • Long form: it is used as an indeclinable possessive adjective
ertuɕunu sōnu alolīčohon
we saw your house
    • Short form: it is used as the proper genitive form of the pronoun, conveying origin (esempio: from me) and with postpositions. It is also used as a direct object form for verbal infinitives and in negative sentences in the classical period.
nɛɕu hōθīnem ēsow
I wasn’t looking for you

nɛɕu ēh šinohiga imēhohon
I will come with you
  • In the dative case:
    • Long form: it is mostly used with postpositions or as a marked form of motion towards a place.
ɛštuhenu nū cɛnəhunohon
I am talking about them
    • Short form: it is used to strictly mark the indirect object.
šɛhe hēme agohegow
I gave him bread

1st and 2nd person pronouns show, already in the classical period, a clear trend towards a nominative-accusative alignment. They tend to be declined in the agentive case with verbs which would require the passive case as unintentional subjects. This trend becomes regularity in the later period. 

ju hīɕagow → oltu hīɕagow
I am falling
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