User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Negation===
===Negation===
The verbal negation is conveyed by the negative adverb wī. This adverb is placed after the conjugated verbal form, namely before either the main verb, an auxiliary, or a modal verb, but before other unconjugated verbal forms.
The verbal negation is conveyed by two negative adverbs:


äs subä cerun → äs subä cerun '''wī'''
*jis
<small>the dog is sleeping → The dog isn't sleeping</small>
*he


äs subä ṕäs cerunühä → äs subä ṕäs '''wī''' cerunühä
These two adverbs have different usages and placements.
<small>the dog can sleep → The dog cannot sleep</small>


''Double negatives'' are generally '''''allowed''', and often used.
:1. '''jis''' is used with the simple ''present tense'', being placed ''after'' it, and with all ''future tenses'', being placed ''between'' the auxiliary verbs and the infinitival forms.
 
æl‘ soɸal‘ ñamjixæh → æl‘ soɸal‘ ñamjixæh jis
<small>the dog bites → the dog doesn't bite</small>
 
æl‘ soɸal‘ jimof ñamjixæm‘ æl‘ vjirul‘ → æl‘ soɸal‘ jimof jis ñamjixæm‘ æl‘ vjirul‘
<small>the dog will bite the man → the dog won't bite the man</small>
 
:2. '''he''' is used with all ''compound tenses'' formed with the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', being placed ''after'' it.
 
æl‘ soɸal‘ ojh ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘ → æl‘ soɸal‘ he ojh ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘
<small>the dog will bit the man → the dog didn't bite the man</small>
 
È tuttavia anche possibile trovare entrambi gli avverbi negativi in una singola frase, con qualsiasi tempo, nelle posizioni tipiche (nel caso di jis, questo va a posizionarsi tra l’ausiliare e il participio). Questa costruzione viene usata per indicare una forma rafforzata di negazione:
 
æl‘ soɸal‘ he ojh ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘ → æl‘ soɸal‘ he ojh jis ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘
<small>the dog didn't bite the man → the dog didn't bite the man at all</small>
 
''Double negatives'' are generally '''''allowed''', but this usage is unstable and unclear.

Revision as of 06:29, 2 July 2025

Negation

The verbal negation is conveyed by two negative adverbs:

  • jis
  • he

These two adverbs have different usages and placements.

1. jis is used with the simple present tense, being placed after it, and with all future tenses, being placed between the auxiliary verbs and the infinitival forms.
æl‘ soɸal‘ ñamjixæh → æl‘ soɸal‘ ñamjixæh jis
the dog bites → the dog doesn't bite

æl‘ soɸal‘ jimof ñamjixæm‘ æl‘ vjirul‘ → æl‘ soɸal‘ jimof jis ñamjixæm‘ æl‘ vjirul‘
the dog will bite the man → the dog won't bite the man
2. he is used with all compound tenses formed with the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, to be, being placed after it.
æl‘ soɸal‘ ojh ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘ → æl‘ soɸal‘ he ojh ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘
the dog will bit the man → the dog didn't bite the man

È tuttavia anche possibile trovare entrambi gli avverbi negativi in una singola frase, con qualsiasi tempo, nelle posizioni tipiche (nel caso di jis, questo va a posizionarsi tra l’ausiliare e il participio). Questa costruzione viene usata per indicare una forma rafforzata di negazione: 

æl‘ soɸal‘ he ojh ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘ → æl‘ soɸal‘ he ojh jis ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘
the dog didn't bite the man → the dog didn't bite the man at all

Double negatives are generally allowed, but this usage is unstable and unclear.

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