User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Negation===
===Negation===
There are two different ways of negating a root, depending on whether the negated root is verbal or nominal.
The verbal negation is conveyed by the negative verb hīziwgɛ. As it has a monosyllabic root, it does not display a perfective root.


:1. The negation of a ''verbal root'' is conveyed by the negative verbal root '''ʔiːs-'''. As it is a monosyllabic root, it does not display a perfective counterpart. It has the ''infinitive<sub><small>1</small></sub>'' of the negated verb as direct object. The object of the infinitival form, is, as a rule, declined in the ''ablative'' case.
Within the sentence this verb is conjugated according to the person and the number of its subject and according to the required tense. It has the ''indicative infinitival form'' of the negated verb as direct object, which is placed right after the negative verb itself. Aspect and tense are conveyed by the combination of the negative verb and the infinitival form, according to the following pattern:


  '''ɬiːroli ʔoːna liːloṕ(æt́) → ɬiːroli ʔoːnaʂu liːloṕæme ʔiːs(æt́)'''
{| class="wikitable"
  <small>the man sees the woman → the man does not see the woman</small>
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| '''Imperfective present'''  || style="width: 250px;"| <small>present forms of hīziwgɛ + imperfective infinitive</small>
|-
| '''Imperfective future'''  || <small>present forms of hīziwgɛ + imperfective infinitive</small>
|-
| '''Perfective future''' || <small>present forms of hīziwgɛ + perfective infinitive</small>
|-
| '''Imperfective past''' || <small>past forms of hīziwgɛ + imperfective infinitive</small>
|-
| '''Perfective past''' || <small>past forms of hīziwgɛ + perfective infinitive</small>
|-
|}


:Within the sentence this verb is conjugated according to the person and the number of its subject and according to the required tense, through the augment. The aspectual information is conveyed by the infinitival form, as the negative root has no aspectual counterpart.
La costruzione del presente imperfettivo e del futuro imperfettivo è sostanzialmente identica, e il contesto, o la presenza di indicazioni di tempo, disambigua solitamente il tempo usato.


'''ɬiːroli ʔoːna ʔaloliːṕ(æt́) → ɬiːroli ʔoːnaʂu loliːṕæme ʔaʔiːs(æt́)'''
The object of the infinitive, is, as a rule, declined in the ''ablative'' case.
<small>the man saw the woman → the man did not see the woman</small>


:There is no need to place the augment onto the infinitive<sub><small>1</small></sub>, as it is already placed onto the negative root. However, it can be found on both verbal forms, as a redundant agreement between roots.
subɛliw hɛňīmɛčɛc wīru → subɛliw hɛhīsjɛc wīrušu ňīmɛčiwgɛ
<small>the dog bit the man → the dog didn’t bite the man</small>


:2. The negation of a ''nominal root'' is conveyed by the negative adjectival root '''χeːsu'''. This root is placed, as a normal adjective, before every non-verbal root to be negated.
subɛ čēlun → subɛ hīs čēluniwgɛ
<small>the dog is sleeping → the dog isn’t sleeping</small>


'''pʰuːḱa ʔaloliːṕoɬ → χeːsu pʰuːḱa ʔaloliːṕoɬ'''
As can be seen, the negative verbs can use both the third person endings, according to the rules and the animacy degrees conveyed by the negated verb.
<small>I saw a person → I did not see a person</small>


The usage of both roots is not exchangeable, and they tend not to be used together in the same clause. Thus, ''double negatives are generally '''not''' allowed''.
In compound tenses the infinitival form of the auxiliary is placed in the secondary position, while the negative verb is used in the same tense and mood of the auxiliary verb in the positive form.
 
çɛňir çu çɛsēriwgɛ → hīsir çu çɛsēriwgɛ çɛňiwgɛ
<small>you will be helping me → you will not be helping me</small>
 
''Double negatives'' are generally '''''not''' allowed''; the presence of another negative element in the sentence inhibits the negative verb.
 
In later texts the usage of the infinitive gets increasingly confused, often agreeing with the negative verb in mood.

Revision as of 02:04, 2 July 2025

Negation

The verbal negation is conveyed by the negative verb hīziwgɛ. As it has a monosyllabic root, it does not display a perfective root.

Within the sentence this verb is conjugated according to the person and the number of its subject and according to the required tense. It has the indicative infinitival form of the negated verb as direct object, which is placed right after the negative verb itself. Aspect and tense are conveyed by the combination of the negative verb and the infinitival form, according to the following pattern:

Imperfective present present forms of hīziwgɛ + imperfective infinitive
Imperfective future present forms of hīziwgɛ + imperfective infinitive
Perfective future present forms of hīziwgɛ + perfective infinitive
Imperfective past past forms of hīziwgɛ + imperfective infinitive
Perfective past past forms of hīziwgɛ + perfective infinitive

La costruzione del presente imperfettivo e del futuro imperfettivo è sostanzialmente identica, e il contesto, o la presenza di indicazioni di tempo, disambigua solitamente il tempo usato.

The object of the infinitive, is, as a rule, declined in the ablative case. 

subɛliw hɛňīmɛčɛc wīru → subɛliw hɛhīsjɛc wīrušu ňīmɛčiwgɛ
the dog bit the man → the dog didn’t bite the man

subɛ čēlun → subɛ hīs čēluniwgɛ
the dog is sleeping → the dog isn’t sleeping

As can be seen, the negative verbs can use both the third person endings, according to the rules and the animacy degrees conveyed by the negated verb.

In compound tenses the infinitival form of the auxiliary is placed in the secondary position, while the negative verb is used in the same tense and mood of the auxiliary verb in the positive form. 

çɛňir çu çɛsēriwgɛ → hīsir çu çɛsēriwgɛ çɛňiwgɛ
you will be helping me → you will not be helping me

Double negatives are generally not allowed; the presence of another negative element in the sentence inhibits the negative verb.

In later texts the usage of the infinitive gets increasingly confused, often agreeing with the negative verb in mood.

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