User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mit</center> || <center>eše̥jakit</center> || <center>loqo̥xamut</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔut</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mit</center> || <center>eše̥jakit</center> || <center>loqo̥xamut</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔut</center>
|}
'''Perfective past'''
In the '''perfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
|}
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mu</center> || <center>eše̥ku</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mu</center> || <center>oko̥ru</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tire̥mu</center> || <center>iše̥ku</center> || <center>ŕuko̥mu</center> || <center>oko̥ru</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tere̥m</center> || <center>eše̥k</center> || <center>ŕoko̥m</center> || <center>oko̥r</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mem</center> || <center>eše̥kem</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mom</center> || <center>oko̥rom</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tire̥meš</center> || <center>iše̥keš</center> || <center>ŕuko̥moš</center> || <center>uko̥roš</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥met</center> || <center>eše̥ket</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mot</center> || <center>oko̥rot</center>
|}
When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mu</center> || <center>eše̥jaku</center> || <center>loqo̥xamu</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔu</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinyse̥mu</center> || <center>iše̥jaku</center> || <center>luqo̥xamu</center> || <center>uśo̥juʔu</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥m</center> || <center>eše̥jak</center> || <center>loqo̥xam</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔ</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mem</center> || <center>eše̥jakem</center> || <center>loqo̥xamom</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔom</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinyse̥meš</center> || <center>iše̥jakeš</center> || <center>luqo̥xamoš</center> || <center>uśo̥juʔoš</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥met</center> || <center>eše̥jaket</center> || <center>loqo̥xamot</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔot</center>
|}
|}

Revision as of 06:13, 30 June 2025

Conjugation of verbs

Sample verbs (two samples with a triliteral root, and two samples with a biliteral root):

  • Conjugation I: termel, to sell - šekel, to give
  • Conjugation II: ŕokmel, to lead - korel, to judge

Declarative valency

Active diathesis
Indicative mood

Imperfective present

In the imperfective present, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

conjugation I
conjugation II
triliteral root
biliteral root
triliteral root
biliteral root
1st sing.
joCCe̥Cu
joCe̥Cu
joCCo̥Cu
joCo̥Cu
2nd sing.
jaCCe̥Cu
jaCe̥Cu
jäCCo̥Cu
jäCo̥Cu
3rd sing.
jaCCe̥Ce
jaCe̥Ce
jäCCo̥Co
jäCo̥Co
1st plur.
CCe̥Cem
Ce̥Cem
CCo̥Com
Co̥Com
2nd plur.
CCe̥Ceš
Ce̥Ceš
CCo̥Coš
Co̥Coš
3rd plur.
CCe̥Cet
Ce̥Cet
CCo̥Cot
Co̥Cot

Examples:

termel
šekel
ŕokmel
korel
1st sing.
jotre̥mu
joše̥ku
joŕko̥mu
joko̥ru
2nd sing.
jatre̥mu
jaše̥ku
jäŕko̥mu
jäko̥ru
3rd sing.
jatre̥me
jaše̥ke
jäŕko̥mo
jäko̥ro
1st plur.
tre̥mem
še̥kem
ŕko̥mom
ko̥rom
2nd plur.
tre̥meš
še̥keš
ŕko̥moš
ko̥roš
3rd plur.
tre̥met
še̥ket
ŕko̥mot
ko̥rot

In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.

conjugation I
conjugation II
triliteral root
triliteral root
1st sing.
joCCe̥Cu
joCCo̥Cu
2nd sing.
jaCCe̥Cu
jäCCo̥Cu
3rd sing.
jaCCe̥Ce
jäCCo̥Co
1st plur.
CëCe̥Cem
CëCo̥Com
2nd plur.
CëCe̥Ceš
CëCo̥Coš
3rd plur.
CëCe̥Cet
CëCo̥Cot

With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:

fekçel
fosrel
1st sing.
jofke̥çu
jofso̥ru
2nd sing.
jafke̥çu
jäfso̥ru
3rd sing.
jafke̥çe
jäfso̥ro
1st plur.
fëke̥çem
fëso̥rom
2nd plur.
fëke̥çeš
fëso̥roš
3rd plur.
fëke̥çet
fëso̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

kyse̥nsel
šejakel
loxaqŕel
śojuʔel
1st sing.
joknyse̥mu
joše̥jaku
jolqo̥xamu
jośo̥juʔu
2nd sing.
jaknyse̥mu
jaše̥jaku
jälqo̥xamu
jäśo̥juʔu
3rd sing.
jaknyse̥me
jaše̥jake
jälqo̥xamo
jäśo̥juʔo
1st plur.
knyse̥mem
še̥jakem
lqo̥xamom
śo̥juʔom
2nd plur.
knyse̥meš
še̥jakeš
lqo̥xamoš
śo̥juʔoš
3rd plur.
knyse̥met
še̥jaket
lqo̥xamot
śo̥juʔot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

fekçel
fosrel
1st sing.
josqäțxe̥su
jonöʔcico̥ru
2nd sing.
jasqäțxe̥su
jänöʔcico̥ru
3rd sing.
jasqäțxe̥se
jänöʔcico̥ro
1st plur.
sqäțxe̥sem
nöʔcico̥rom
2nd plur.
sqäțxe̥seš
nöʔcico̥roš
3rd plur.
sqäțxe̥set
nöʔcico̥rot

Imperfective past

In the imperfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

conjugation I
conjugation II
triliteral root
biliteral root
triliteral root
biliteral root
1st sing.
CCe̥Cu
Ce̥Cu
CCo̥Cu
Co̥Cu
2nd sing.
CCe̥Cu
Ce̥Cu
CCo̥Cu
Co̥Cu
3rd sing.
CCe̥Ce
Ce̥Ce
CCo̥Co
Co̥Co
1st plur.
CCe̥Cim
Ce̥Cim
CCo̥Cum
Co̥Cum
2nd plur.
CCe̥Ciš
Ce̥Ciš
CCo̥Cuš
Co̥Cuš
3rd plur.
CCe̥Cit
Ce̥Cit
CCo̥Cut
Co̥Cut

Examples:

termel
šekel
ŕokmel
korel
1st sing.
tre̥mu
še̥ku
ŕko̥mu
ko̥ru
2nd sing.
tre̥mu
še̥ku
ŕko̥mu
ko̥ru
3rd sing.
tre̥me
še̥ke
ŕko̥mo
ko̥ro
1st plur.
tre̥mim
še̥kim
ŕko̥mum
ko̥rum
2nd plur.
tre̥miš
še̥kiš
ŕko̥muš
ko̥ruš
3rd plur.
tre̥mit
še̥kit
ŕko̥mut
ko̥rut

In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.

conjugation I
conjugation II
triliteral root
triliteral root
1st sing.
CëCe̥Cu
CëCo̥Cu
2nd sing.
CëCe̥Cu
CëCo̥Cu
3rd sing.
CëCe̥Ce
CëCo̥Co
1st plur.
CëCe̥Cim
CëCo̥Cum
2nd plur.
CëCe̥Ciš
CëCo̥Cuš
3rd plur.
CëCe̥Cit
CëCo̥Cut

With the sample verbs fekçel, to count, and fosrel, to hear:

fekçel
fosrel
1st sing.
fëke̥çu
fëso̥ru
2nd sing.
fëke̥çu
fëso̥ru
3rd sing.
fëke̥çe
fëso̥ro
1st plur.
fëke̥çim
fëso̥rum
2nd plur.
fëke̥çiš
fëso̥ruš
3rd plur.
fëke̥çit
fëso̥rut

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

kyse̥nsel
šejakel
loxaqŕel
śojuʔel
1st sing.
knyse̥mu
še̥jaku
lqo̥xamu
śo̥juʔu
2nd sing.
knyse̥mu
še̥jaku
lqo̥xamu
śo̥juʔu
3rd sing.
knyse̥me
še̥jake
lqo̥xamo
śo̥juʔo
1st plur.
knyse̥mim
še̥jakim
lqo̥xamum
śo̥juʔum
2nd plur.
knyse̥miš
še̥jakiš
lqo̥xamuš
śo̥juʔuš
3rd plur.
knyse̥mit
še̥jakit
lqo̥xamut
śo̥juʔut

Imperfective future

In the imperfective future, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

conjugation I
conjugation II
triliteral root
biliteral root
triliteral root
biliteral root
1st sing.
juCCe̥Cu
juCe̥Cu
juCCo̥Cu
juCo̥Cu
2nd sing.
jöCCe̥Cu
jöCe̥Cu
jüCCo̥Cu
jüCo̥Cu
3rd sing.
jöCCe̥Ce
jöCe̥Ce
jüCCo̥Co
jüCo̥Co
1st plur.
ëCCe̥Cem
ëCe̥Cem
ëCCo̥Com
ëCo̥Com
2nd plur.
ëCCe̥Ceš
ëCe̥Ceš
ëCCo̥Coš
ëCo̥Coš
3rd plur.
ëCCe̥Cet
ëCe̥Cet
ëCCo̥Cot
ëCo̥Cot

Examples:

termel
šekel
ŕokmel
korel
1st sing.
jutre̥mu
juše̥ku
juŕko̥mu
juko̥ru
2nd sing.
jötre̥mu
jöše̥ku
jüŕko̥mu
jüko̥ru
3rd sing.
jötre̥me
jöše̥ke
jüŕko̥mo
jüko̥ro
1st plur.
ëtre̥mem
ëše̥kem
ëŕko̥mom
ëko̥rom
2nd plur.
ëtre̥meš
ëše̥keš
ëŕko̥moš
ëko̥roš
3rd plur.
ëtre̥met
ëše̥ket
ëŕko̥mot
ëko̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

kyse̥nsel
šejakel
loxaqŕel
śojuʔel
1st sing.
juknyse̥mu
juše̥jaku
julqo̥xamu
juśo̥juʔu
2nd sing.
jöknyse̥mu
jöše̥jaku
jülqo̥xamu
jüśo̥juʔu
3rd sing.
jöknyse̥me
jöše̥jake
jülqo̥xamo
jüśo̥juʔo
1st plur.
ëknyse̥mem
ëše̥jakem
ëlqo̥xamom
ëśo̥juʔom
2nd plur.
ëknyse̥meš
ëše̥jakeš
ëlqo̥xamoš
ëśo̥juʔoš
3rd plur.
ëknyse̥met
ëše̥jaket
ëlqo̥xamot
ëśo̥juʔot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.

With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, to safeguard, and nöʔcico̥rel, to sacrifice:

fekçel
fosrel
1st sing.
jusqäțxe̥su
junöʔcico̥ru
2nd sing.
jösqäțxe̥su
jönöʔcico̥ru
3rd sing.
jösqäțxe̥se
jönöʔcico̥ro
1st plur.
ësqäțxe̥sem
ënöʔcico̥rom
2nd plur.
ësqäțxe̥seš
ënöʔcico̥roš
3rd plur.
ësqäțxe̥set
ënöʔcico̥rot

Perfective present

In the perfective present or perfect, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

conjugation I
conjugation II
triliteral root
biliteral root
triliteral root
biliteral root
1st sing.
joCeCe̥Cu
jeCe̥Cu
joCoCo̥Cu
jeCo̥Cu
2nd sing.
jaCiCe̥Cu
jiCe̥Cu
jäCuCo̥Cu
juCo̥Cu
3rd sing.
jaCeCe̥C
jeCe̥C
jäCoCo̥C
jeCo̥C
1st plur.
CeCe̥Cim
eCe̥Cim
CoCo̥Cum
oCo̥Cum
2nd plur.
CiCe̥Ciš
iCe̥Ciš
CuCo̥Cuš
uCo̥Cuš
3rd plur.
CeCe̥Cit
eCe̥Cit
CoCo̥Cut
oCo̥Cut

Examples:

termel
šekel
ŕokmel
korel
1st sing.
jotere̥mu
ješe̥ku
joŕoko̥mu
jeko̥ru
2nd sing.
jatire̥mu
jiše̥ku
jäŕuko̥mu
juko̥ru
3rd sing.
jatere̥m
ješe̥k
jäŕoko̥m
jeko̥r
1st plur.
tere̥mim
eše̥kim
ŕoko̥mum
oko̥rum
2nd plur.
tire̥miš
iše̥kiš
ŕuko̥muš
uko̥ruš
3rd plur.
tere̥mit
eše̥kit
ŕoko̥mut
oko̥rut

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

kyse̥nsel
šejakel
loxaqŕel
śojuʔel
1st sing.
jokenyse̥mu
ješe̥jaku
joloqo̥xamu
jeśo̥juʔu
2nd sing.
jakinyse̥mu
jiše̥jaku
jäluqo̥xamu
juśo̥juʔu
3rd sing.
jakenyse̥m
ješe̥jak
jäloqo̥xam
jeśo̥juʔ
1st plur.
kenyse̥mim
eše̥jakim
loqo̥xamum
ośo̥juʔum
2nd plur.
kinyse̥miš
iše̥jakiš
luqo̥xamuš
uśo̥juʔuš
3rd plur.
kenyse̥mit
eše̥jakit
loqo̥xamut
ośo̥juʔut

Perfective past

In the perfective past, verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:

conjugation I
conjugation II
triliteral root
biliteral root
triliteral root
biliteral root
1st sing.
CeCe̥Cu
eCe̥Cu
CoCo̥Cu
oCo̥Cu
2nd sing.
CiCe̥Cu
iCe̥Cu
CuCo̥Cu
uCo̥Cu
3rd sing.
CeCe̥C
eCe̥C
CoCo̥C
oCo̥C
1st plur.
CeCe̥Cem
eCe̥Cem
CoCo̥Com
oCo̥Com
2nd plur.
CiCe̥Ceš
iCe̥Ceš
CuCo̥Coš
uCo̥Coš
3rd plur.
CeCe̥Cet
eCe̥Cet
CoCo̥Cot
oCo̥Cot

Examples:

termel
šekel
ŕokmel
korel
1st sing.
tere̥mu
eše̥ku
ŕoko̥mu
oko̥ru
2nd sing.
tire̥mu
iše̥ku
ŕuko̥mu
oko̥ru
3rd sing.
tere̥m
eše̥k
ŕoko̥m
oko̥r
1st plur.
tere̥mem
eše̥kem
ŕoko̥mom
oko̥rom
2nd plur.
tire̥meš
iše̥keš
ŕuko̥moš
uko̥roš
3rd plur.
tere̥met
eše̥ket
ŕoko̥mot
oko̥rot

When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.

With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, to fall asleep, še̥jakel, to give as a present, lo̥xaqŕel, to exploit, and fosrel, to expel, to exile:

kyse̥nsel
šejakel
loxaqŕel
śojuʔel
1st sing.
kenyse̥mu
eše̥jaku
loqo̥xamu
ośo̥juʔu
2nd sing.
kinyse̥mu
iše̥jaku
luqo̥xamu
uśo̥juʔu
3rd sing.
kenyse̥m
eše̥jak
loqo̥xam
ośo̥juʔ
1st plur.
kenyse̥mem
eše̥jakem
loqo̥xamom
ośo̥juʔom
2nd plur.
kinyse̥meš
iše̥jakeš
luqo̥xamoš
uśo̥juʔoš
3rd plur.
kenyse̥met
eše̥jaket
loqo̥xamot
ośo̥juʔot
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