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| ===Conjugation of verbs=== | | ===Conjugation of verbs=== |
| As already mentioned, conjungation affixes are added to the verbal root in the followin order: '''''mood - aspect - tense'''''. Since their morphological relevance is essentially inverse to their order, these affixes will be analysed in a reverse order.
| | Sample verbs (<small>two samples with a triliteral root, and two samples with a biliteral root</small>): |
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| Sample verbs: egmir, ''to write'' (<small>with a front leading vowel</small>), and tuurkar, ''to see'', (<small>with a back leading vowel</small>).
| | *'''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation''': termel, ''to sell'' - šekel, ''to give'' |
| | *'''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation''': ŕokmel, ''to lead'' - korel, ''to judge'' |
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| ====Tense==== | | ====Declarative valency==== |
| Tense suffixes display two forms, the ''positive'' form and the ''negative'' form.
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | =====Active diathesis===== |
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| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-æl</center> || <center>-al</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>-iid</center> || <center>-uud</center> || <center>-eer</center> || <center>-oor</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>future</small>'' || <center>-eew</center> || <center>-oow</center> || <center>-iibb</center> || <center>-oobb</center>
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| |}
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| The negative forms are used to convey negation of the verb:
| | ======Indicative mood====== |
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| roo šeežene tuurkar'''uud''' → roo šeežene tuurkar'''oor'''
| | =======Imperfective aspect======= |
| <small>I saw you → I didn't see you</small>
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| Negation is thus conveyed by these suffixes.
| | ========Present tense======== |
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| Examples:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>egmir</center> || <center>tuurkar</center> || <center>egmiræl</center> || <center>tuurkaral</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>egmiriid</center> || <center>tuurkaruud</center> || <center>egmireer</center> || <center>tuurkaroor</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>future</small>'' || <center>egmireew</center> || <center>tuurkaroow</center> || <center>egmiriibb</center> || <center>tuurkaroobb</center>
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| |}
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| ====Aspect====
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>habitual</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>progressive</small>'' || <center>-em</center> || <center>-om</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>perfect</small>'' || <center>-æp</center> || <center>-ap</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>resultative</small>'' || <center>-inn</center> || <center>-unn</center>
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| |}
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| Examples:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>habitual</small>'' || <center>egmir</center> || <center>tuurkar</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>progressive</small>'' || <center>egmirem</center> || <center>tuurkarom</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>perfect</small>'' || <center>egmiræp</center> || <center>tuurkarap</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>resultative</small>'' || <center>egmirinn</center> || <center>tuurkarunn</center>
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| |}
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| ====Mood====
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>imperative</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>optative</small>'' || <center>-ill</center> || <center>-ull</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>potential</small>'' || <center>-egg</center> || <center>-ogg</center>
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| |}
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| Examples:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>egmir</center> || <center>tuurkar</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>imperative</small>'' || <center>egmir</center> || <center>tuurkar</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>optative</small>'' || <center>egmirill</center> || <center>tuurkarull</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>potential</small>'' || <center>egmiregg</center> || <center>tuurkarogg</center>
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| |}
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| The imperative mood noticeably does not display distinctive suffixes from the indicative ones. It does not distinguish any tense and only the progressive suffix is usually added, to convey a stronger order in the present:
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| egmir!
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| <small>write!</small>
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| egmirem!
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| <small>write now!</small>
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| ====Nominal/Adjectival forms====
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| The nominal/adjectival forms are usually declined following the nominal declension, with its endings. As verbal forms, however, they can take the modal and aspectual suffixes, before their proper ending.
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| Nominal/adjectival suffixes, like the tense ones, display two forms, the ''positive'' form and the ''negative'' form.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>infinitive</small>'' || <center>-eti</center> || <center>-otu</center> || <center>-ælti</center> || <center>-alti</center>
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| | ''<small>active participle</small>'' || <center>-ænti</center> || <center>-antu</center> || <center>-inti</center> || <center>-untu</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>passive participle</small>'' || <center>-irdi</center> || <center>-urdu</center> || <center>-erdi</center> || <center>-ordu</center>
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| |}
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| The negative forms are used to convey negation of the nominal/adjectival form:
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| śiibædem'''ænti''' reti → śiibædem'''inti''' reti
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| <small>a person who's sleeping → A person who isn't sleeping</small>
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| Negation is thus conveyed also by these suffixes.
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| Examples:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>infinitive</small>'' || <center>egmireti</center> || <center>tuurkarotu</center> || <center>egmirælti</center> || <center>tuurkaralti</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>active participle</small>'' || <center>egmirænti</center> || <center>tuurkarantu</center> || <center>egmirinti</center> || <center>tuurkaruntu</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>passive participle</small>'' || <center>egmirirdi</center> || <center>tuurkarurdu</center> || <center>egmirerdi</center> || <center>tuurkarordu</center>
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| |}
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| The ''infinitive'' is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. Unlike the normal nominal declension, the accusative form of the infinitive always coincides with the nominative one. It is widely used in the formation of dependent clauses, being also called the ''subordinate'' form. The object of this form is regularly declined in the accusative case, but an eventual subject is declined in the ''ablative'' case.
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| The ''active participle'' is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is often used to build relative clauses.
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| The ''passive participle'' is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses.
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