User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of verbs

As already mentioned, conjungation affixes are added to the verbal root in the followin order: mood - aspect - tense. Since their morphological relevance is essentially inverse to their order, these affixes will be analysed in a reverse order.

Sample verbs: egmir, to write (with a front leading vowel), and tuurkar, to see, (with a back leading vowel).

Tense

Tense suffixes display two forms, the positive form and the negative form.

	positive		negative
	anterior	posterior	anterior	posterior
present	-	-	-æl	-al
past	-iid	-uud	-eer	-oor
future	-eew	-oow	-iibb	-oobb

The negative forms are used to convey negation of the verb:

roo šeežene tuurkaruud → roo šeežene tuurkaroor
I saw you → I didn't see you

Negation is thus conveyed by these suffixes.

Examples:

	positive		negative
	egmir	tuurkar	egmir	tuurkar
present	egmir	tuurkar	egmiræl	tuurkaral
past	egmiriid	tuurkaruud	egmireer	tuurkaroor
future	egmireew	tuurkaroow	egmiriibb	tuurkaroobb

Aspect

	anterior	posterior
habitual	-	-
progressive	-em	-om
perfect	-æp	-ap
resultative	-inn	-unn

Examples:

	egmir	tuurkar
habitual	egmir	tuurkar
progressive	egmirem	tuurkarom
perfect	egmiræp	tuurkarap
resultative	egmirinn	tuurkarunn

Mood

	anterior	posterior
indicative	-	-
imperative	-	-
optative	-ill	-ull
potential	-egg	-ogg

Examples:

	egmir	tuurkar
indicative	egmir	tuurkar
imperative	egmir	tuurkar
optative	egmirill	tuurkarull
potential	egmiregg	tuurkarogg

The imperative mood noticeably does not display distinctive suffixes from the indicative ones. It does not distinguish any tense and only the progressive suffix is usually added, to convey a stronger order in the present:

egmir!
write!

egmirem!
write now!

Nominal/Adjectival forms

The nominal/adjectival forms are usually declined following the nominal declension, with its endings. As verbal forms, however, they can take the modal and aspectual suffixes, before their proper ending.

Nominal/adjectival suffixes, like the tense ones, display two forms, the positive form and the negative form.

	positive		negative
	anterior	posterior	anterior	posterior
infinitive	-eti	-otu	-ælti	-alti
active participle	-ænti	-antu	-inti	-untu
passive participle	-irdi	-urdu	-erdi	-ordu

The negative forms are used to convey negation of the nominal/adjectival form:

śiibædemænti reti → śiibædeminti reti
a person who's sleeping → A person who isn't sleeping

Negation is thus conveyed also by these suffixes.

Examples:

	positive		negative
	egmir	tuurkar	egmir	tuurkar
present	egmir	tuurkar	egmiræl	tuurkaral
past	egmiriid	tuurkaruud	egmireer	tuurkaroor
future	egmireew	tuurkaroow	egmiriibb	tuurkaroobb

Participle

The participles are adjectival forms of a verb. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action. There are two participial forms, the active participle, and the passive participle.

The active participle is formed through the ending -rā, while the passive participle through the ending -žu. They both have an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the imperfective root and on the perfective root.

Examples from the verb ɸaq, to see:

	imperfective	perfective
active	ɸaqurā	ɸāqurā
passive	ɸaqužu	ɸāqužu

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.

When used in the verbal conjugation, both participles are deemed as indeclinable forms. In their adjectival role, both participles display a complete adjectival declension. They are also used with the modal verbs.

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in a lesser amount than the active diathesis. These forms are always built through the undeclined forms of the passive participle, with the conjugated form of the auxiliary verb sū, to be which always agrees with the clause subject in number.

The usage of the different moods is exactly the same as the active diathesis, while the usage of the different aspect is essentially different. The passive diathesis displays only the imperfective and the perfective forms, which also play the role respectively of the progressive and resultative aspect.

Indicative mood

Tense	Construction
imperfective	imperfective passive participle + indicative imperfective forms of sū
perfective	perfective passive participle + indicative imperfective forms of sū

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Construction
imperfective	ɟuxižu sūš, ...
perfective	ɟūxižu sūš, ...

Subjunctive mood

Tense	Construction
imperfective	imperfective passive participle + subjunctive imperfective forms of sū
perfective	perfective passive participle + subjunctive imperfective forms of sū

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Construction
imperfective	ɟuxižu sjaš, ...
perfective	ɟūxižu sjaš, ...

Imperative mood

Tense	Construction
imperfective	imperfective passive participle + imperative imperfective forms of sū
perfective	perfective passive participle + imperative imperfective forms of sū

Examples (for each tense only the 2^nd person form is shown):

Tense	Construction
imperfective	ɟuxižu sū, ...
perfective	ɟūxižu sū, ...