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| Line 71: |
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| |} | | |} |
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| |
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| =====Indicative mood===== | | ====Mood==== |
| | |
| ======Imperfective aspect======
| |
| The '''imperfective''' is a simple form. In the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation the personal endings are added directly to the ''imperfective'' verbal root. In the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and in the 2<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation the thematic vowels (<small>which are lenghtened in their plural forms</small>) and the personal endings are added to the ''imperfective verbal'' root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðiš</center> || <center>ɟuxiš</center> || <center>ɸaquš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðim</center> || <center>ɟuxim</center> || <center>ɸaqum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðiɣ</center> || <center>ɟuxiɣ</center> || <center>ɸaquɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðiža</center> || <center>ɟuxīža</center> || <center>ɸaqūža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðiku</center> || <center>ɟuxīku</center> || <center>ɸaqūku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðiç</center> || <center>ɟuxīç</center> || <center>ɸaqūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective aspect======
| |
| The '''perfective''' is a simple form. In the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation the personal endings are added directly to the ''perfective'' verbal root. In the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and in the 2<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation the thematic vowels (<small>which are lenghtened in their plural forms</small>) and the personal endings are added to the ''perfective verbal'' root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīš</center> || <center>ɟūxiš</center> || <center>ɸāquš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīm</center> || <center>ɟūxim</center> || <center>ɸāqum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīɣ</center> || <center>ɟūxiɣ</center> || <center>ɸāquɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīža</center> || <center>ɟūxīža</center> || <center>ɸāqūža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīku</center> || <center>ɟūxīku</center> || <center>ɸāqūku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīç</center> || <center>ɟūxīç</center> || <center>ɸāqūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Progressive aspect======
| |
| The '''progressive''' is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active imperfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the indicative imperfective forms of the verb sū, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūš</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūš</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūm</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūm</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūža</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūža</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūku</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūku</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sūç</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sūç</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| ======Resultative aspect======
| |
| The '''resultative ''' is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active perfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the indicative imperfective forms of the verb sū, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūš</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūš</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūm</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūm</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūɣ</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūža</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūža</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūku</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūku</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sūç</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sūç</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sūç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood displays the same aspectual forms of the indicative mood, being usually derived from the same indicative forms in different ways, according to the verbal conjugation:
| |
| | |
| *''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation'': the infixes -ja (<small>singular form</small>) and -jā (<small>plural form</small>) are added between the root and the personal ending.
| |
| *''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> conjugation'': the thematic vowel is lenghtened in the singular forms and diphthongized in the plural forms.
| |
| *''3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation'': the thematic vowel is lenghtened in the singular forms and diphthongized in the plural forms.
| |
| | |
| Some verbs have irregular subjunctive forms.
| |
| | |
| Example:
| |
| | |
| mām, ''to eat'' (<small>3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjug.</small>) → <small>subj.</small> māmja-/māmjā-
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfective aspect======
| |
| The '''imperfective''' is a simple form. In the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation the infix -ja/-jā and the personal endings are added to the ''imperfective'' verbal root. In the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and in the 2<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation the subjunctive thematic vowels (<small>which are diphthongized in their plural forms</small>) and the personal endings are added to the ''imperfective verbal'' root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðijaš</center> || <center>ɟuxīš</center> || <center>ɸaqūš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðijam</center> || <center>ɟuxīm</center> || <center>ɸaqūm</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðijaɣ</center> || <center>ɟuxīɣ</center> || <center>ɸaqūɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðijāža</center> || <center>ɟuxiwža</center> || <center>ɸaqujža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðijāku</center> || <center>ɟuxiwku</center> || <center>ɸaqujku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðijāç</center> || <center>ɟuxiwç</center> || <center>ɸaqujç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Some verbs may have irregular subjunctive forms. These forms can either be completely irregular, with an entirely different subjunctive root, or display only partial irregularities, like using the 1<sup><small>st</sup></small> conjugation infix, despite belonging to the 2<sup><small>nd</sup></small> or the 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> conjugation.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| sū, ''to be'' (<small>1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjug.</small>) → <small>subj.</small> sjaš, sjam, sjaɣ, sjāža, sjāku, sjāç
| |
| mām, ''to eat'' (<small>3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjug.</small>) → <small>subj.</small> māmjaš, māmjam, māmjaɣ, māmjāža, māmjāku, māmjāç
| |
| | |
| ======Perfective aspect======
| |
| The '''perfective''' is a simple form. In the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> conjugation the infix -ja/-jā and the personal endings are added to the ''perfective'' verbal root. In the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and in the 2<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjugation the subjunctive thematic vowels (<small>which are diphthongized in their plural forms</small>) and the personal endings are added to the ''perfective verbal'' root:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> | | | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>anterior</small>''</center> || style="width: 70px;"| <center>''<small>posterior</small>''</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðījaš</center> || <center>ɟūxīš</center> || <center>ɸāqūš</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðījam</center> || <center>ɟūxīm</center> || <center>ɸāqūm</center> | | | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðījaɣ</center> || <center>ɟūxīɣ</center> || <center>ɸāqūɣ</center> | | | ''<small>imperative</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðījāža</center> || <center>ɟūxiwža</center> || <center>ɸāqujža</center> | | | ''<small>optative</small>'' || <center>-ill</center> || <center>-ull</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðījāku</center> || <center>ɟūxiwku</center> || <center>ɸāqujku</center> | | | ''<small>potential</small>'' || <center>-egg</center> || <center>-ogg</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðījāç</center> || <center>ɟūxiwç</center> || <center>ɸāqujç</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
| Some verbs may have irregular subjunctive forms. These forms can either be completely irregular, with an entirely different subjunctive root, or display only partial irregularities, like using the 1<sup><small>st</sup></small> conjugation infix, despite belonging to the 2<sup><small>nd</sup></small> or the 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> conjugation.
| |
|
| |
|
| Examples: | | Examples: |
|
| |
|
| mām, ''to eat'' (<small>3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> conjug.</small>) → <small>subj.</small> mwamjaš, mwamjam, mwamjaɣ, mwamjāža, mwamjāku, mwamjāç
| |
|
| |
| ======Progressive aspect======
| |
| The '''progressive''' is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active imperfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the subjunctive imperfective forms of the verb sū, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjaš</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjaš</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjaš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjam</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjam</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjaɣ</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjaɣ</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjaɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjāža</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjāža</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjāža</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjāku</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjāku</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjāku</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðirā sjāç</center> || <center>ɟuxirā sjāç</center> || <center>ɸaqurā sjāç</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
|
| |
| ======Resultative aspect======
| |
| The '''resultative ''' is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active perfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the subjunctive imperfective forms of the verb sū, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> | | | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>egmir</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>tuurkar</small>''</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjaš</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjaš</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjaš</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjam</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjam</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjam</center> | | | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>egmir</center> || <center>tuurkar</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjaɣ</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjaɣ</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjaɣ</center> | | | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>egmir</center> || <center>tuurkar</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjāža</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjāža</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjāža</center> | | | ''<small>optative</small>'' || <center>egmirill</center> || <center>tuurkarull</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjāku</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjāku</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjāku</center> | | | ''<small>potential</small>'' || <center>egmiregg</center> || <center>tuurkarogg</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ðīrā sjāç</center> || <center>ɟūxirā sjāç</center> || <center>ɸāqurā sjāç</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
|
| |
| =====Imperative mood=====
| |
| The '''imperative''' mood features only a single form, which conveys both singular and plural number, and coincides with the pure verbal root. This mood, conversely, displays an imperfective and a perfective form, built on both verbal roots.
| |
|
| |
| ======Imperfective aspect======
| |
| The '''imperfective''' is a simple form. It is the same as the pure ''imperfective'' verbal root, without any personal ending:
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ði</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ɟux</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ɸaq</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, as it represent the base underived form of every verb.
| |
|
| |
|
| ======Perfective aspect======
| |
| The '''perfective''' is a simple form. It is the same as the pure ''perfective'' verbal root, without any personal ending:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ðī</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ɟūx</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ɸāq</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Non-finite forms===== | | =====Non-finite forms===== |
Conjugation of verbs
As already mentioned, conjungation affixes are added to the verbal root in the followin order: mood - aspect - tense. Since their morphological relevance is essentially inverse to their order, these affixes will be analysed in a reverse order.
Sample verbs: egmir, to write (with a front leading vowel), and tuurkar, to see, (with a back leading vowel).
Tense
Tense suffixes convey the time of the action or the state. They display two forms, the positive form and the negative form.
|
positive |
negative
|
|
anterior |
posterior |
anterior |
posterior
|
| present |
- |
- |
-æl |
-al
|
| past |
-iid |
-uud |
-eer |
-oor
|
| future |
-eew |
-oow |
-iibb |
-oobb
|
The negative forms are used to convey negation of the verb:
roo šeežene tuurkaruud → roo šeežene tuurkaroor
I saw you → I didn't see you
Negation is thus conveyed by these suffixes.
Examples:
|
positive |
negative
|
|
egmir |
tuurkar |
egmir |
tuurkar
|
| present |
egmir |
tuurkar |
egmiræl |
tuurkaral
|
| past |
egmiriid |
tuurkaruud |
egmireer |
tuurkaroor
|
| future |
egmireew |
tuurkaroow |
egmiriibb |
tuurkaroobb
|
Aspect
|
anterior |
posterior
|
| habitual |
- |
-
|
| progressive |
-em |
-om
|
| perfect |
-æp |
-ap
|
| resultative |
-inn |
-unn
|
Examples:
|
egmir |
tuurkar
|
| habitual |
egmir |
tuurkar
|
| progressive |
egmirem |
tuurkarom
|
| perfect |
egmiræp |
tuurkarap
|
| resultative |
egmirinn |
tuurkarunn
|
Mood
|
anterior |
posterior
|
| indicative |
- |
-
|
| imperative |
- |
-
|
| optative |
-ill |
-ull
|
| potential |
-egg |
-ogg
|
Examples:
|
egmir |
tuurkar
|
| indicative |
egmir |
tuurkar
|
| indicative |
egmir |
tuurkar
|
| optative |
egmirill |
tuurkarull
|
| potential |
egmiregg |
tuurkarogg
|
Non-finite forms
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Participle
The participles are adjectival forms of a verb. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action. There are two participial forms, the active participle, and the passive participle.
The active participle is formed through the ending -rā, while the passive participle through the ending -žu. They both have an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the imperfective root and on the perfective root.
Examples from the verb ɸaq, to see:
|
imperfective |
perfective
|
| active |
ɸaqurā |
ɸāqurā
|
| passive |
ɸaqužu |
ɸāqužu
|
The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
When used in the verbal conjugation, both participles are deemed as indeclinable forms. In their adjectival role, both participles display a complete adjectival declension. They are also used with the modal verbs.
Passive diathesis
The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in a lesser amount than the active diathesis. These forms are always built through the undeclined forms of the passive participle, with the conjugated form of the auxiliary verb sū, to be which always agrees with the clause subject in number.
The usage of the different moods is exactly the same as the active diathesis, while the usage of the different aspect is essentially different. The passive diathesis displays only the imperfective and the perfective forms, which also play the role respectively of the progressive and resultative aspect.
Indicative mood
| Tense |
Construction
|
| imperfective |
imperfective passive participle + indicative imperfective forms of sū
|
| perfective |
perfective passive participle + indicative imperfective forms of sū
|
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):
| Tense |
Construction
|
| imperfective |
ɟuxižu sūš, ...
|
| perfective |
ɟūxižu sūš, ...
|
Subjunctive mood
| Tense |
Construction
|
| imperfective |
imperfective passive participle + subjunctive imperfective forms of sū
|
| perfective |
perfective passive participle + subjunctive imperfective forms of sū
|
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):
| Tense |
Construction
|
| imperfective |
ɟuxižu sjaš, ...
|
| perfective |
ɟūxižu sjaš, ...
|
Imperative mood
| Tense |
Construction
|
| imperfective |
imperfective passive participle + imperative imperfective forms of sū
|
| perfective |
perfective passive participle + imperative imperfective forms of sū
|
Examples (for each tense only the 2nd person form is shown):
| Tense |
Construction
|
| imperfective |
ɟuxižu sū, ...
|
| perfective |
ɟūxižu sū, ...
|
