User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
Line 232: Line 232:
The non-finite verbal forms are:
The non-finite verbal forms are:


======Infinitive======
======Participle======
The '''infinitive''' is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -ew.  
The participles are adjectival forms of a verb. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action. There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'', and the ''passive participle''.


It displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect'',  formed through different endings:
The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -jiθu, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -ux‘. They have a present and a past form, respectively built on the ''present root'' and on the ''past root''.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active participle</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive participle</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| <center>xuvew</center> || <center>xuvow</center> || <center>xuvæw</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center>
|}
 
There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the infinitive. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the infinitive of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the  is shown.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || <center>ňerow</center> || <center>ňeryw</center> || <center>ňeraw</center>
|-
|-
| <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center> || <center>x‘ow</center> || <center>x‘ɔ</center> || <center>x‘aw</center>
| ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>toθirjiθu</center> || <center>howcjiθu</center> || <center>toθirux‘</center> || <center>howcux‘</center>
|}
 
======Active participle======
The '''active participle''' displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect'', formed through the thematic vowels. It is marked by the ending -ð‘i:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
| ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>tiθorjiθu</center> || <center>howciciθu</center> || <center>tiθorux‘</center> || <center>howcixux‘</center>
|-
|-
| <center>xuvoð‘i</center> || <center>xuvyð‘i</center> || <center>xuvað‘i</center>
|}
|}


The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
The active particle is the most irregular form in the entire verbal system. The suffix –jiθu tends to merge with last root consonant, with a palatalizing effect:


Each tense form of the active participle usually does not have distinctive singular and plural forms.
ñamji'''x'''æm‘ → ñamji'''c'''iθu


There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the active participle. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the active participle of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the  is shown.
In the present forms, the suffix is added to the present root, while the past form are built through the past root. This may cause further irregularities.  


{| class="wikitable"
In the conjugation of weak verbs, the suffix -ix- always undergoes palatalization:
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
-ix- → -iciθu
|-
| <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || <center>ňerowð‘i</center> || <center>ňerywð‘i</center> || <center>ňerawð‘i</center>
|-
| <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center> || <center>x‘owð‘i</center> || <center>x‘ɔð‘i</center> || <center>x‘awð‘i</center>
|}


======Passive participle======
In the conjugation of strong verbs, besides the possible palatalization of the last root consonant, the same root can display internal irregularities, due to the introflexive process of vowel switching:
The '''passive participle''' displays three tenses, ''present'', ''past'', and ''perfect'', formed through the thematic vowels. It is marked by the ending -ňə:


{| class="wikitable"
ʎiloɸæm‘ → loʎiɸjiθu
|-
ñamjixæm‘ → ñjimaciθu
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
|-
| <center>xuvoňə</center> || <center>xuvyňə</center> || <center>xuvaňə</center>
|}


The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.  
The passive particle can also display some irregularities, although in a lesser amount than its active counterpart. The strong verbs may display the same irregularities in the root, but the suffix -ux‘ rarely has an altering effect on the root.


There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the passive participle. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the passive participle of the verbs ňerow, ''to bring'', and x‘ow, ''to give'', of the is shown.
  ʎiloɸæm‘ → loʎiɸux‘
ñamjixæm‘ → ñjimaxux‘


{| class="wikitable"
When used in the verbal conjugation, the active particle is deemed as an indeclinable form, while the past participle agrees with the clause subject in number even in the verbal conjugatiuon. In their adjectival role, both participles display a complete conjugation.
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''perfect''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''<small>ňerow</small>''</center> || <center>ňerowňə</center> || <center>ňerywňə</center> || <center>ňerawňə</center>
|-
| <center>''<small>x‘ow</small>''</center> || <center>x‘owňə</center> || <center>x‘ɔňə</center> || <center>x‘awňə</center>
|}


====Passive diathesis====
====Passive diathesis====

Revision as of 05:24, 28 June 2025

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verbs:

  • 1st conjugation: ði, to give
  • 2nd conjugation: ɟux, to bring
  • 3rd conjugation: ɸaq, to see

Active diathesis

Indicative mood
Imperfective aspect

The imperfective is a simple form. In the 1st conjugation the personal endings are added directly to the imperfective verbal root. In the 2nd and in the 2rd conjugation the thematic vowels (which are lenghtened in their plural forms) and the personal endings are added to the imperfective verbal root:

1st conjugation
2nd conjugation
3rd conjugation
1st sing.
ðiš
ɟuxiš
ɸaquš
2nd sing.
ðim
ɟuxim
ɸaqum
3rd sing.
ðiɣ
ɟuxiɣ
ɸaquɣ
1st plur.
ðiža
ɟuxīža
ɸaqūža
2nd plur.
ðiku
ɟuxīku
ɸaqūku
3rd plur.
ðiç
ɟuxīç
ɸaqūç
Perfective aspect

The perfective is a simple form. In the 1st conjugation the personal endings are added directly to the perfective verbal root. In the 2nd and in the 2rd conjugation the thematic vowels (which are lenghtened in their plural forms) and the personal endings are added to the perfective verbal root:

1st conjugation
2nd conjugation
3rd conjugation
1st sing.
ðīš
ɟūxiš
ɸāquš
2nd sing.
ðīm
ɟūxim
ɸāqum
3rd sing.
ðīɣ
ɟūxiɣ
ɸāquɣ
1st plur.
ðīža
ɟūxīža
ɸāqūža
2nd plur.
ðīku
ɟūxīku
ɸāqūku
3rd plur.
ðīç
ɟūxīç
ɸāqūç
Progressive aspect

The progressive is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active imperfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the indicative imperfective forms of the verb sū, to be, as an auxiliary verb:

1st conjugation
2nd conjugation
3rd conjugation
1st sing.
ðirā sūš
ɟuxirā sūš
ɸaqurā sūš
2nd sing.
ðirā sūm
ɟuxirā sūm
ɸaqurā sūm
3rd sing.
ðirā sūɣ
ɟuxirā sūɣ
ɸaqurā sūɣ
1st plur.
ðirā sūža
ɟuxirā sūža
ɸaqurā sūža
2nd plur.
ðirā sūku
ɟuxirā sūku
ɸaqurā sūku
3rd plur.
ðirā sūç
ɟuxirā sūç
ɸaqurā sūç

This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Resultative aspect

The resultative is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active perfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the indicative imperfective forms of the verb sū, to be, as an auxiliary verb:

1st conjugation
2nd conjugation
3rd conjugation
1st sing.
ðīrā sūš
ɟūxirā sūš
ɸāqurā sūš
2nd sing.
ðīrā sūm
ɟūxirā sūm
ɸāqurā sūm
3rd sing.
ðīrā sūɣ
ɟūxirā sūɣ
ɸāqurā sūɣ
1st plur.
ðīrā sūža
ɟūxirā sūža
ɸāqurā sūža
2nd plur.
ðīrā sūku
ɟūxirā sūku
ɸāqurā sūku
3rd plur.
ðīrā sūç
ɟūxirā sūç
ɸāqurā sūç

This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood displays the same aspectual forms of the indicative mood, being usually derived from the same indicative forms in different ways, according to the verbal conjugation:

  • 1st conjugation: the infixes -ja (singular form) and -jā (plural form) are added between the root and the personal ending.
  • 2nd conjugation: the thematic vowel is lenghtened in the singular forms and diphthongized in the plural forms.
  • 3rd conjugation: the thematic vowel is lenghtened in the singular forms and diphthongized in the plural forms.

Some verbs have irregular subjunctive forms.

Example: 

mām, to eat (3rd conjug.) → subj. māmja-/māmjā-
Imperfective aspect

The imperfective is a simple form. In the 1st conjugation the infix -ja/-jā and the personal endings are added to the imperfective verbal root. In the 2nd and in the 2rd conjugation the subjunctive thematic vowels (which are diphthongized in their plural forms) and the personal endings are added to the imperfective verbal root:

1st conjugation
2nd conjugation
3rd conjugation
1st sing.
ðijaš
ɟuxīš
ɸaqūš
2nd sing.
ðijam
ɟuxīm
ɸaqūm
3rd sing.
ðijaɣ
ɟuxīɣ
ɸaqūɣ
1st plur.
ðijāža
ɟuxiwža
ɸaqujža
2nd plur.
ðijāku
ɟuxiwku
ɸaqujku
3rd plur.
ðijāç
ɟuxiwç
ɸaqujç

Some verbs may have irregular subjunctive forms. These forms can either be completely irregular, with an entirely different subjunctive root, or display only partial irregularities, like using the 1st conjugation infix, despite belonging to the 2nd or the 3rd conjugation.

Examples: 

sū, to be (1st conjug.) → subj. sjaš, sjam, sjaɣ, sjāža, sjāku, sjāç
mām, to eat (3rd conjug.) → subj. māmjaš, māmjam, māmjaɣ, māmjāža, māmjāku, māmjāç
Perfective aspect

The perfective is a simple form. In the 1st conjugation the infix -ja/-jā and the personal endings are added to the perfective verbal root. In the 2nd and in the 2rd conjugation the subjunctive thematic vowels (which are diphthongized in their plural forms) and the personal endings are added to the perfective verbal root:

1st conjugation
2nd conjugation
3rd conjugation
1st sing.
ðījaš
ɟūxīš
ɸāqūš
2nd sing.
ðījam
ɟūxīm
ɸāqūm
3rd sing.
ðījaɣ
ɟūxīɣ
ɸāqūɣ
1st plur.
ðījāža
ɟūxiwža
ɸāqujža
2nd plur.
ðījāku
ɟūxiwku
ɸāqujku
3rd plur.
ðījāç
ɟūxiwç
ɸāqujç

Some verbs may have irregular subjunctive forms. These forms can either be completely irregular, with an entirely different subjunctive root, or display only partial irregularities, like using the 1st conjugation infix, despite belonging to the 2nd or the 3rd conjugation.

Examples: 

mām, to eat (3rd conjug.) → subj. mwamjaš, mwamjam, mwamjaɣ, mwamjāža, mwamjāku, mwamjāç
Progressive aspect

The progressive is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active imperfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the subjunctive imperfective forms of the verb sū, to be, as an auxiliary verb:

1st conjugation
2nd conjugation
3rd conjugation
1st sing.
ðirā sjaš
ɟuxirā sjaš
ɸaqurā sjaš
2nd sing.
ðirā sjam
ɟuxirā sjam
ɸaqurā sjam
3rd sing.
ðirā sjaɣ
ɟuxirā sjaɣ
ɸaqurā sjaɣ
1st plur.
ðirā sjāža
ɟuxirā sjāža
ɸaqurā sjāža
2nd plur.
ðirā sjāku
ɟuxirā sjāku
ɸaqurā sjāku
3rd plur.
ðirā sjāç
ɟuxirā sjāç
ɸaqurā sjāç

This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Resultative aspect

The resultative is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active perfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the subjunctive imperfective forms of the verb sū, to be, as an auxiliary verb:

1st conjugation
2nd conjugation
3rd conjugation
1st sing.
ðīrā sjaš
ɟūxirā sjaš
ɸāqurā sjaš
2nd sing.
ðīrā sjam
ɟūxirā sjam
ɸāqurā sjam
3rd sing.
ðīrā sjaɣ
ɟūxirā sjaɣ
ɸāqurā sjaɣ
1st plur.
ðīrā sjāža
ɟūxirā sjāža
ɸāqurā sjāža
2nd plur.
ðīrā sjāku
ɟūxirā sjāku
ɸāqurā sjāku
3rd plur.
ðīrā sjāç
ɟūxirā sjāç
ɸāqurā sjāç

This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Imperative mood

The imperative mood features only a single form, which conveys both singular and plural number, and coincides with the pure verbal root. This mood, conversely, displays an imperfective and a perfective form, built on both verbal roots.

Imperfective aspect

The imperfective is a simple form. It is the same as the pure imperfective verbal root, without any personal ending:

1st conjugation
2nd conjugation
3rd conjugation
2nd sing.
ði
ɟux
ɸaq
2nd plur.

It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, as it represent the base underived form of every verb.

Perfective aspect

The perfective is a simple form. It is the same as the pure perfective verbal root, without any personal ending:

1st conjugation
2nd conjugation
3rd conjugation
2nd sing.
ðī
ɟūx
ɸāq
2nd plur.
Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Participle

The participles are adjectival forms of a verb. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action. There are two participial forms, the active participle, and the passive participle.

The active participle is formed through the ending -jiθu, while the passive participle through the ending -ux‘. They have a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the past root.

active participle
passive participle
toθiræm‘
howcæm‘
toθiræm‘
howcæm‘
present
toθirjiθu
howcjiθu
toθirux‘
howcux‘
past
tiθorjiθu
howciciθu
tiθorux‘
howcixux‘

The active particle is the most irregular form in the entire verbal system. The suffix –jiθu tends to merge with last root consonant, with a palatalizing effect: 

ñamjixæm‘ → ñamjiciθu

In the present forms, the suffix is added to the present root, while the past form are built through the past root. This may cause further irregularities.

In the conjugation of weak verbs, the suffix -ix- always undergoes palatalization: 

-ix- → -iciθu

In the conjugation of strong verbs, besides the possible palatalization of the last root consonant, the same root can display internal irregularities, due to the introflexive process of vowel switching: 

ʎiloɸæm‘ → loʎiɸjiθu
ñamjixæm‘ → ñjimaciθu

The passive particle can also display some irregularities, although in a lesser amount than its active counterpart. The strong verbs may display the same irregularities in the root, but the suffix -ux‘ rarely has an altering effect on the root. 

ʎiloɸæm‘ → loʎiɸux‘
ñamjixæm‘ → ñjimaxux‘

When used in the verbal conjugation, the active particle is deemed as an indeclinable form, while the past participle agrees with the clause subject in number even in the verbal conjugatiuon. In their adjectival role, both participles display a complete conjugation.

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb imɔr, to be with the various forms of the passive participle, which always agrees with the clause subject in number.

The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. However, the passive diathesis completely lacks any continuous tense, which are replaced by their non-continuous counterparts.

Indicative mood
Tense
Construction
present indicative present forms of imew + present passive participle
past indicative past forms of imew + present passive participle
perfect indicative perfect forms of imew + present passive participle
pluperfect indicative perfect forms of imew + past passive participle
future indicative future forms of imew + present passive participle
anterior future indicative anterior future forms of imew + present passive participle
future perfect indicative future perfect forms of imew + present passive participle
future in the past indicative future forms of imew + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):

Tense
Construction
present imun xuvoňə, ...
past imyn xuvoňə, ...
perfect iman xuvoňə, ...
pluperfect iman xuvyňə, ...
future town imew xuvoňə, ...
anterior future t‘yn imew xuvoňə, ...
future perfect tæn imew xuvoňə, ...
future in the past town imew xuvyňə, ...
Imperative mood
Tense
Construction
present imperative present forms of imew + present passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 2nd person singular form is shown):

Tense
Example
present imuto xuvoňə, ...
Infinitive mood
Tense
Construction
present present infinitive of imew + present passive participle
past past infinitive of imew + present passive participle
perfect perfect infinitive of imew + present passive participle

Examples:

Tense
Construction
present imew xuvoňə
past imyw xuvoňə
perfect imæw xuvoňə
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII&oldid=172520"