User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verbs:

• 1^st conjugation: ði, to give
• 2^nd conjugation: ɟux, to bring
• 3^rd conjugation: ɸaq, to see

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Imperfective aspect

The imperfective is a simple form. In the 1^st conjugation the personal endings are added directly to the imperfective verbal root. In the 2^nd and in the 2^rd conjugation the thematic vowels (which are lenghtened in their plural forms) and the personal endings are added to the imperfective verbal root:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðiš	ɟuxiš	ɸaquš
2nd sing.	ðim	ɟuxim	ɸaqum
3rd sing.	ðiɣ	ɟuxiɣ	ɸaquɣ
1st plur.	ðiža	ɟuxīža	ɸaqūža
2nd plur.	ðiku	ɟuxīku	ɸaqūku
3rd plur.	ðiç	ɟuxīç	ɸaqūç

Perfective aspect

The perfective is a simple form. In the 1^st conjugation the personal endings are added directly to the perfective verbal root. In the 2^nd and in the 2^rd conjugation the thematic vowels (which are lenghtened in their plural forms) and the personal endings are added to the perfective verbal root:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðīš	ɟūxiš	ɸāquš
2nd sing.	ðīm	ɟūxim	ɸāqum
3rd sing.	ðīɣ	ɟūxiɣ	ɸāquɣ
1st plur.	ðīža	ɟūxīža	ɸāqūža
2nd plur.	ðīku	ɟūxīku	ɸāqūku
3rd plur.	ðīç	ɟūxīç	ɸāqūç

Progressive aspect

The progressive is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active imperfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the indicative imperfective forms of the verb sū, to be, as an auxiliary verb:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðirā sūš	ɟuxirā sūš	ɸaqurā sūš
2nd sing.	ðirā sūm	ɟuxirā sūm	ɸaqurā sūm
3rd sing.	ðirā sūɣ	ɟuxirā sūɣ	ɸaqurā sūɣ
1st plur.	ðirā sūža	ɟuxirā sūža	ɸaqurā sūža
2nd plur.	ðirā sūku	ɟuxirā sūku	ɸaqurā sūku
3rd plur.	ðirā sūç	ɟuxirā sūç	ɸaqurā sūç

This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Resultative aspect

The resultative is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active perfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the indicative imperfective forms of the verb sū, to be, as an auxiliary verb:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðīrā sūš	ɟūxirā sūš	ɸāqurā sūš
2nd sing.	ðīrā sūm	ɟūxirā sūm	ɸāqurā sūm
3rd sing.	ðīrā sūɣ	ɟūxirā sūɣ	ɸāqurā sūɣ
1st plur.	ðīrā sūža	ɟūxirā sūža	ɸāqurā sūža
2nd plur.	ðīrā sūku	ɟūxirā sūku	ɸāqurā sūku
3rd plur.	ðīrā sūç	ɟūxirā sūç	ɸāqurā sūç

This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood displays the same aspectual forms of the indicative mood, being usually derived from the same indicative forms in different ways, according to the verbal conjugation:

• 1^st conjugation: the infixes -ja (singular form) and -jā (plural form) are added between the root and the personal ending.
• 2^nd conjugation: the thematic vowel is lenghtened in the singular forms and diphthongized in the plural forms.
• 3^rd conjugation: the thematic vowel is lenghtened in the singular forms and diphthongized in the plural forms.

Some verbs have irregular subjunctive forms.

Example:

mām, to eat (3rd conjug.) → subj. māmja-/māmjā-

Imperfective aspect

The imperfective is a simple form. In the 1^st conjugation the infix -ja/-jā and the personal endings are added to the imperfective verbal root. In the 2^nd and in the 2^rd conjugation the subjunctive thematic vowels (which are diphthongized in their plural forms) and the personal endings are added to the imperfective verbal root:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðijaš	ɟuxīš	ɸaqūš
2nd sing.	ðijam	ɟuxīm	ɸaqūm
3rd sing.	ðijaɣ	ɟuxīɣ	ɸaqūɣ
1st plur.	ðijāža	ɟuxiwža	ɸaqujža
2nd plur.	ðijāku	ɟuxiwku	ɸaqujku
3rd plur.	ðijāç	ɟuxiwç	ɸaqujç

Some verbs may have irregular subjunctive forms. These forms can either be completely irregular, with an entirely different subjunctive root, or display only partial irregularities, like using the 1^st conjugation infix, despite belonging to the 2^nd or the 3^rd conjugation.

Examples:

sū, to be (1st conjug.) → subj. sjaš, sjam, sjaɣ, sjāža, sjāku, sjāç
mām, to eat (3rd conjug.) → subj. māmjaš, māmjam, māmjaɣ, māmjāža, māmjāku, māmjāç

Perfective aspect

The perfective is a simple form. In the 1^st conjugation the infix -ja/-jā and the personal endings are added to the perfective verbal root. In the 2^nd and in the 2^rd conjugation the subjunctive thematic vowels (which are diphthongized in their plural forms) and the personal endings are added to the perfective verbal root:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðījaš	ɟūxīš	ɸāqūš
2nd sing.	ðījam	ɟūxīm	ɸāqūm
3rd sing.	ðījaɣ	ɟūxīɣ	ɸāqūɣ
1st plur.	ðījāža	ɟūxiwža	ɸāqujža
2nd plur.	ðījāku	ɟūxiwku	ɸāqujku
3rd plur.	ðījāç	ɟūxiwç	ɸāqujç

Some verbs may have irregular subjunctive forms. These forms can either be completely irregular, with an entirely different subjunctive root, or display only partial irregularities, like using the 1^st conjugation infix, despite belonging to the 2^nd or the 3^rd conjugation.

Examples:

mām, to eat (3rd conjug.) → subj. mwamjaš, mwamjam, mwamjaɣ, mwamjāža, mwamjāku, mwamjāç

Progressive aspect

The progressive is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active imperfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the subjunctive imperfective forms of the verb sū, to be, as an auxiliary verb:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðirā sjaš	ɟuxirā sjaš	ɸaqurā sjaš
2nd sing.	ðirā sjam	ɟuxirā sjam	ɸaqurā sjam
3rd sing.	ðirā sjaɣ	ɟuxirā sjaɣ	ɸaqurā sjaɣ
1st plur.	ðirā sjāža	ɟuxirā sjāža	ɸaqurā sjāža
2nd plur.	ðirā sjāku	ɟuxirā sjāku	ɸaqurā sjāku
3rd plur.	ðirā sjāç	ɟuxirā sjāç	ɸaqurā sjāç

This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Resultative aspect

The resultative is a compound form. In all conjugations it is built with the undeclined active perfective participle of the conjugated verb, and the subjunctive imperfective forms of the verb sū, to be, as an auxiliary verb:

	1st conjugation	2nd conjugation	3rd conjugation
1st sing.	ðīrā sjaš	ɟūxirā sjaš	ɸāqurā sjaš
2nd sing.	ðīrā sjam	ɟūxirā sjam	ɸāqurā sjam
3rd sing.	ðīrā sjaɣ	ɟūxirā sjaɣ	ɸāqurā sjaɣ
1st plur.	ðīrā sjāža	ɟūxirā sjāža	ɸāqurā sjāža
2nd plur.	ðīrā sjāku	ɟūxirā sjāku	ɸāqurā sjāku
3rd plur.	ðīrā sjāç	ɟūxirā sjāç	ɸāqurā sjāç

This form is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Imperative mood

The imperative mood features only a single form, which conveys both singular and plural number, and coincides with the pure verbal root. This mood, conversely, displays an imperfective and a perfective form, built on both verbal roots.

=Imperfective aspect

L’imperativo imperfettivo è una forma semplice. Corrisponde alla radice verbale imperfettiva, priva di qualsiasi desinenza personale. 1° coniugazione 2° coniugazione 3° coniugazione 2° sing. ði ɟux ɸaq 2° plur.

Poiché questa forma rappresenta in ultima sintesi la forma base non derivata di qualsiasi verbo, viene utilizzata come forma di citazione. Aspetto perfettivo: L’imperativo perfettivo è una forma semplice. Corrisponde alla radice verbale perfettiva, priva di qualsiasi desinenza personale. 1° coniugazione 2° coniugazione 3° coniugazione 2° sing. ðī ɟūx ɸāq 2° plur.

The imperative mood is used to convey commands and orders. It is mostly used in main clauses.

It displays only one tense, with specific personal endings. It has no forms for the 1^st singular person.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- and the imperative personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1st sing.	-
2nd sing.	xuvuto
3rd sing.
1st plur.	xuvum‘ito
2nd plur.	xuvuv‘ito
3rd plur.

The 2^nd and 3^rd persons display the same endings. The 3^rd persons pronouns are thus used to convey the subject, to avoid ambiguities. Conversely, 2^nd persons pronouns are usually left out:

(k’etex) xownuto!
(you) sing!

okex xownuto!
let him/her sing!

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

The infinitive is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -ew.

It displays three tenses, present, past, and perfect, formed through different endings:

present	past	perfect
xuvew	xuvow	xuvæw

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the infinitive. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the infinitive of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	present	past	perfect
ňerow	ňerow	ňeryw	ňeraw
x‘ow	x‘ow	x‘ɔ	x‘aw

Active participle

The active participle displays three tenses, present, past, and perfect, formed through the thematic vowels. It is marked by the ending -ð‘i:

present	past	perfect
xuvoð‘i	xuvyð‘i	xuvað‘i

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.

Each tense form of the active participle usually does not have distinctive singular and plural forms.

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the active participle. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the active participle of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	present	past	perfect
ňerow	ňerowð‘i	ňerywð‘i	ňerawð‘i
x‘ow	x‘owð‘i	x‘ɔð‘i	x‘awð‘i

Passive participle

The passive participle displays three tenses, present, past, and perfect, formed through the thematic vowels. It is marked by the ending -ňə:

present	past	perfect
xuvoňə	xuvyňə	xuvaňə

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the passive participle. These verbs usually add different endings, or they display an alteration of the last vowel of the root, with possible palatalizing effect. As an example, the conjugation of the passive participle of the verbs ňerow, to bring, and x‘ow, to give, of the is shown.

	present	past	perfect
ňerow	ňerowňə	ňerywňə	ňerawňə
x‘ow	x‘owňə	x‘ɔňə	x‘awňə

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb imɔr, to be with the various forms of the passive participle, which always agrees with the clause subject in number.

The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. However, the passive diathesis completely lacks any continuous tense, which are replaced by their non-continuous counterparts.

Indicative mood

Tense	Construction
present	indicative present forms of imew + present passive participle
past	indicative past forms of imew + present passive participle
perfect	indicative perfect forms of imew + present passive participle
pluperfect	indicative perfect forms of imew + past passive participle
future	indicative future forms of imew + present passive participle
anterior future	indicative anterior future forms of imew + present passive participle
future perfect	indicative future perfect forms of imew + present passive participle
future in the past	indicative future forms of imew + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Construction
present	imun xuvoňə, ...
past	imyn xuvoňə, ...
perfect	iman xuvoňə, ...
pluperfect	iman xuvyňə, ...
future	town imew xuvoňə, ...
anterior future	t‘yn imew xuvoňə, ...
future perfect	tæn imew xuvoňə, ...
future in the past	town imew xuvyňə, ...

Imperative mood

Tense	Construction
present	imperative present forms of imew + present passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 2^nd person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	imuto xuvoňə, ...

Infinitive mood

Tense	Construction
present	present infinitive of imew + present passive participle
past	past infinitive of imew + present passive participle
perfect	perfect infinitive of imew + present passive participle

Examples:

Tense	Construction
present	imew xuvoňə
past	imyw xuvoňə
perfect	imæw xuvoňə