User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 08:27, 26 June 2025

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verb: morɔr, to see.

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -o- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	morõ
2^nd sing.	moroh
3^rd sing.	moro
1^st plur.	moroxi
2^nd plur.	morodi
3^rd plur.	moroβi

Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb soβɔr, to know, is shown.

	soβɔr
1^st sing.	saβõ
2^nd sing.	saβoh
3^rd sing.	saβo
1^st plur.	saβoxi
2^nd plur.	saβodi
3^rd plur.	saβoβi

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -o-. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.

	for
1^st sing.	fỹ
2^nd sing.	fyh
3^rd sing.	fy
1^st plur.	fyxi
2^nd plur.	fydi
3^rd plur.	fyβi

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -u- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	morũ
2^nd sing.	moruh
3^rd sing.	mor
1^st plur.	moruxi
2^nd plur.	morudi
3^rd plur.	moruβi

The 3^rd singular person features the null ending, namely the absence of the thematic vowel itself. Thus, irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant, or nasalizing the remaining vowel.

As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verbs imɔr, to be, and zbonɔr, to flee', is shown.

	imɔr	zbonɔr
1^st sing.	imũ	zbonũ
2^nd sing.	imuh	zbonuh
3^rd sing.	ĩ	zbõ
1^st plur.	imuxi	zbonuxi
2^nd plur.	imudi	zbonudi
3^rd plur.	imuβi	zbonuβi

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the past tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -u-. As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.

	for
1^st sing.	fõ
2^nd sing.	foh
3^rd sing.	fo
1^st plur.	foxi
2^nd plur.	fodi
3^rd plur.	foβi

Future tense

The future is a simple tense. The future infix -ɔbo- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	morɔbõ
2^nd sing.	morɔboh
3^rd sing.	morɔbo
1^st plur.	morɔboxi
2^nd plur.	morɔbodi
3^rd plur.	morɔboβi

Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb soβɔr, to know, is shown.

	soβɔr
1^st sing.	saβɔbõ
2^nd sing.	saβɔboh
3^rd sing.	saβɔbo
1^st plur.	saβɔboxi
2^nd plur.	saβɔbodi
3^rd plur.	saβɔboβi

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the future tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.

	for
1^st sing.	fybõ
2^nd sing.	fyboh
3^rd sing.	fybo
1^st plur.	fyboxi
2^nd plur.	fybodi
3^rd plur.	fyboβi

Present continuous tense

The present continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	more imõ
2^nd sing.	more imoh
3^rd sing.	more imo
1^st plur.	mori imoxi
2^nd plur.	mori imodi
3^rd plur.	mori imoβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Past continuous tense

The past continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	more imũ
2^nd sing.	more imuh
3^rd sing.	more ĩ
1^st plur.	mori imuxi
2^nd plur.	mori imudi
3^rd plur.	mori imuβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	moru imõ
2^nd sing.	moru imoh
3^rd sing.	moru imo
1^st plur.	moru imoxi
2^nd plur.	moru imodi
3^rd plur.	moru imoβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	moru imũ
2^nd sing.	moru imuh
3^rd sing.	moru ĩ
1^st plur.	moru imuxi
2^nd plur.	moru imudi
3^rd plur.	moru imuβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Future continuous tense

The future continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative future forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	more imɔbõ
2^nd sing.	more imɔboh
3^rd sing.	more imɔbo
1^st plur.	mori imɔboxi
2^nd plur.	mori imɔbodi
3^rd plur.	mori imɔboβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	morɔbe imõ
2^nd sing.	morɔbe imoh
3^rd sing.	morɔbe imo
1^st plur.	morɔbi imoxi
2^nd plur.	morɔbi imodi
3^rd plur.	morɔbi imoβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	morɔbe imũ
2^nd sing.	morɔbe imuh
3^rd sing.	morɔbe ĩ
1^st plur.	morɔbi imuxi
2^nd plur.	morɔbi imudi
3^rd plur.	morɔbi imuβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses.

In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -əβ-, which is placed between the root and the thematic vowels. The infix itself can be undergo alterations in the 3^rd singular person, but other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the thematic vowel -o-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	morəβõ
2^nd sing.	morəβoh
3^rd sing.	morəβo
1^st plur.	morəβoxi
2^nd plur.	morəβodi
3^rd plur.	morəβoβi

Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb soβɔr, to know, is shown.

	soβɔr
1^st sing.	saβəβõ
2^nd sing.	saβəβoh
3^rd sing.	saβəβo
1^st plur.	saβəβoxi
2^nd plur.	saβəβodi
3^rd plur.	saβəβoβi

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.

	for
1^st sing.	feβõ
2^nd sing.	feβoh
3^rd sing.	feβo
1^st plur.	feβoxi
2^nd plur.	feβodi
3^rd plur.	feβoβi

Past tense

The past is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the thematic vowel -u-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	morəβũ
2^nd sing.	morəβuh
3^rd sing.	morə
1^st plur.	morəβuxi
2^nd plur.	morəβudi
3^rd plur.	morəβuβi

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the past tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the past tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.

	for
1^st sing.	feβũ
2^nd sing.	feβuh
3^rd sing.	fe
1^st plur.	feβuxi
2^nd plur.	feβudi
3^rd plur.	feβuβi

Future tense

The future is a simple tense. The infix -əβ-, the future infix -ɔbo-, and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	morəβɔbõ
2^nd sing.	morəβɔboh
3^rd sing.	morəβɔbo
1^st plur.	morəβɔboxi
2^nd plur.	morəβɔbodi
3^rd plur.	morəβɔboβi

Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb soβɔr, to know, is shown.

	soβɔr
1^st sing.	saβəβɔbõ
2^nd sing.	saβəβɔboh
3^rd sing.	saβəβɔbo
1^st plur.	saβəβɔboxi
2^nd plur.	saβəβɔbodi
3^rd plur.	saβəβɔboβi

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the future tense. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the future tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.

	for
1^st sing.	feβɔbõ
2^nd sing.	feβɔboh
3^rd sing.	feβɔbo
1^st plur.	feβɔboxi
2^nd plur.	feβɔbodi
3^rd plur.	feβɔboβi

Present continuous tense

The present continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	more iməβõ
2^nd sing.	more iməβoh
3^rd sing.	more iməβo
1^st plur.	mori iməβoxi
2^nd plur.	mori iməβodi
3^rd plur.	mori iməβoβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Past continuous tense

The past continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	more iməβũ
2^nd sing.	more iməβuh
3^rd sing.	more imə
1^st plur.	mori iməβuxi
2^nd plur.	mori iməβudi
3^rd plur.	mori iməβuβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Perfect tense

The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	moru iməβõ
2^nd sing.	moru iməβoh
3^rd sing.	moru iməβo
1^st plur.	moru iməβoxi
2^nd plur.	moru iməβodi
3^rd plur.	moru iməβoβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	moru iməβũ
2^nd sing.	moru iməβuh
3^rd sing.	moru imə
1^st plur.	moru iməβuxi
2^nd plur.	moru iməβudi
3^rd plur.	moru iməβuβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Future continuous tense

The future continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative future forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	more iməβɔbõ
2^nd sing.	more iməβɔboh
3^rd sing.	more iməβɔbo
1^st plur.	mori iməβɔboxi
2^nd plur.	mori iməβɔbodi
3^rd plur.	mori iməβɔboβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the subjunctive present forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	morɔbe iməβõ
2^nd sing.	morɔbe iməβoh
3^rd sing.	morɔbe iməβo
1^st plur.	morɔbi iməβoxi
2^nd plur.	morɔbi iməβodi
3^rd plur.	morɔbi iməβoβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the active future participle of the conjugated verb, declined in number according to the clause subject, and the indicative past forms of the verb imɔr, to be. The participle is always in the accusative case (/meant as its base form):

1^st sing.	morɔbe iməβũ
2^nd sing.	morɔbe iməβuh
3^rd sing.	morɔbe imə
1^st plur.	morɔbi iməβuxi
2^nd plur.	morɔbi iməβudi
3^rd plur.	morɔbi iməβuβi

This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.

Imperative mood

The imperative mood is used to convey commands and orders. It is mostly used in main clauses.

It displays only one tense, with specific personal endings. It has no forms for the 1^st singular person.

Present tense

The present is a simple tense. The thematic vowel -o- and the imperative personal endings are added to the verbal roots:

1^st sing.	-
2^nd sing.	morodɔ
3^rd sing.	morodɔ
1^st plur.	moroxidɔ
2^nd plur.	morodidɔ
3^rd plur.	moroβidɔ

The 2^nd and 3^rd singular persons display the same ending. There is no morphological difference between the two persons, which are distinguished only by the context in the sentence.

Some verbs display an alteration of the unstressed vowel in the verbal root, usually changing an [o] into an [a]. As an example, the conjugation of the imperative present tense of the verb soβɔr, to know, is shown.

	soβɔr
1^st sing.	-
2^nd sing.	saβodɔ
3^rd sing.	saβodɔ
1^st plur.	saβoxidɔ
2^nd plur.	saβodidɔ
3^rd plur.	saβoβidɔ

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the present tense. These verbs usually add a different thematic vowel from -o-. As an example, the conjugation of the present tense of the verb for, to wash, is shown.

	for
1^st sing.	-
2^nd sing.	fydɔ
3^rd sing.	fydɔ
1^st plur.	fyxidɔ
2^nd plur.	fydidɔ
3^rd plur.	fyβidɔ

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

The infinitive is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -r.

It displays three tenses, present, past, and future, formed through the thematic vowels and the future infix. Each form has a dependent counterpart, formed through the dependent suffix -æv-:

present	past	future
morɔr	morur	morɔbor

There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the infinitive. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the infinitive of the verb for, to wash, is shown.

present	past	future
for	fyr	fɔbor

Active participle

The active participle displays three tenses: present, past, and perfect. They are formed through the thematic vowels and the participial suffix -θī. Each form has a dependent counterpart, formed through the dependent suffix -æv-:

	present	past	perfect
indicative	māroθīx	māruθīx	māraθīx
dependent	mārævoθīx	mārævuθīx	mārævaθīx

The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.

As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.

Passive participle

The passive participle displays three tenses: present, past, and perfect. They are formed through the thematic vowels and the participial suffix -ňi. Each form has a dependent counterpart, formed through the dependent suffix -æv-:

	present	past	perfect
indicative	māroňix	māruňix	māraňix
dependent	mārævoňix	mārævuňix	mārævaňix

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.

This participle cannot play the role of a verbal passive form. It can only be used as an adjective and it can be used to build relative clauses.

ǧeneho māruňix sārex
the woman seen by the man

As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb kiɣam, to come with the various forms of the passive participle.

The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.

Indicative mood

Tense	Construction
present	indicative present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
imperfect	indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
preterite	indicative present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
plusquamperfect	indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future	indicative future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
anterior future	indicative future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future in the past	indicative future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	kiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
imperfect	áɣiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
preterite	kiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
plusquamperfect	áɣiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
future	kiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
anterior future	kiɣò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
future in the past	áɣiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...

Subjunctive mood

Tense	Construction
present	subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
imperfect	subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
preterite	subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
plusquamperfect	subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future	subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
anterior future	subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future in the past	subjunctive future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	kiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
imperfect	áɣiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
preterite	kiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
plusquamperfect	áɣiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
future	kiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
anterior future	kiɣinò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
future in the past	áɣiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...

Conditional mood

Tense	Construction
present	conditional present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
imperfect	conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
preterite	conditional present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
plusquamperfect	conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future	conditional future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
anterior future	conditional future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
future in the past	conditional future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1^st person singular form is shown):

Tense	Example
present	kiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
imperfect	áɣiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
preterite	kiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
plusquamperfect	áɣiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
future	kiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
anterior future	kiɣasò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
future in the past	áɣiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...

Infinitive mood

Tense	Construction
indicative present	indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
indicative past	indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
subjunctive present	subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
subjunctive past	subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
conditional present	conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
conditional past	conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle

Examples:

Tense	Example
indicative present	kiɣam ránosuɣi
indicative past	kiɣam áránosuɣi
subjunctive present	kiɣinam ránosuɣi
subjunctive past	kiɣinam áránosuɣi
conditional present	kiɣasam ránosuɣi
conditional past	kiɣasam áránosuɣi

@@ Line 688: / Line 688: @@
 |}
-The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun, whose nominative form is identical to the accusative.
+There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in the infinitive. These verbs usually add a slightly different version of the infix. As an example, the conjugation of the infinitive of the verb for, ''to wash'', is shown.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''future''</small></center>
+|-
+| <center>for</center> || <center>fyr</center> || <center>fɔbor</center>
+|}
 ======Active participle======

User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 08:27, 26 June 2025

Conjugation of regular verbs

Active diathesis

Indicative mood

Present tense

Past tense

Future tense

Present continuous tense

Past continuous tense

Perfect tense

Pluperfect tense

Future continuous tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Subjunctive mood

Present tense

Past tense

Future tense

Present continuous tense

Past continuous tense

Perfect tense

Pluperfect tense

Future continuous tense

Anterior future tense

Future in the past tense

Imperative mood

Present tense

Non-finite forms

Infinitive

Active participle

Passive participle

Passive diathesis

Indicative mood

Subjunctive mood

Conditional mood

Infinitive mood

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